Healthy Pet Online Archives - Page 8 of 29

February 22, 2023

Regular Vet Visits and Routine Care Can Keep Your Pet Healthy. How Often Should You Visit?

Our professionals answer readers’ insurance policies queries and publish unbiased item reviews (here’s how we evaluate insurance policy items). In some conditions, we get a fee from our partners even so, our opinions are our personal.

Common vet visits are critical to keep your pet healthy and keep away from highly-priced treatment plans later on
Vets offer telehealth and other versatile care and treatment possibilities
Small indicators could switch into main pet overall health disasters if left untreated

As the owner of a graying Golden Retriever who I will reluctantly admit is getting into his senior years, I have my vet on pace dial. In addition to his annual examination, my doggy is at the vet at the very least at the time a quarter for allergy shots and other conditions. This 12 months, I have been thinking about getting a further puppy. But, as I weighed the fees and benefits, I questioned how normally most pet dogs need to have to see the vet.

It turns out it really is even extra than I thought, ample to make me think two times about obtaining a new pet while also caring for a senior puppy. Adult dogs require to see their vet at least as soon as a 12 months for a checkup and vaccines, but some vets propose a lot more recurrent visits. If you really don’t have pet insurance policies, the economical expenses establish speedily. Regardless, your pet requires time.

“A ton can take place in a yr, and our pets will not have a excellent way of telling us or demonstrating us what is erroneous,” states Dr. Brian Evans, a veterinarian who likes to see his sufferers at least two times a 12 months.

Striving to come to a decision how often your pooch needs vet care? This is what to look at.

Regular treatment can capture conditions early

“Like their house owners, animals need to have healthcare care to enable them remain balanced, and to get treatment of them when they are unwell,” claims veterinarian Dr. Ari Zabell. “Preventive care is crucial to a pet’s overall health in the exact way that it truly is important to human beings.”

Compared with men and women, pet dogs cannot demonstrate when they don’t really feel nicely or what has improved about their overall health. For the reason that of that, normal care is more important. An expert vet can figure out signs of pain or other discomforts alongside with abnormalities a pet mum or dad may well miss out on.

“Animals have the means to mask their indicators till a disorder is quite progressed,” Zabell claims. “Regime blood assessments can allow veterinarians to have a baseline for what values are normal in a pet, so that variations in a pet’s health can be caught early.”

Puppies and more mature puppies need additional treatment

Just like younger and outdated humans, puppies and senior canines have to have additional recurrent verify-ins. Evans suggests, “Puppies have to have at the very least a few excursions to the vet to get their vaccines and a further to be spayed or neutered.”

Pet insurance commonly does not deal with regime care like spaying or neutering. But wellness options may offer you an exception to that rule. Older canines, like my boy, normally have far more overall health concerns. You could not notice behavioral changes. The very good information is monitoring blood operate and urine examination two times a 12 months can support your vet keep your more mature pet healthful.

Behavioral variations warrant a journey to the vet

Following approximately 11 many years jointly, I know the indication my pet wants a vacation to the vet. Scratching his ears is a notify-tale indication of ear infections whilst rolling displays me his pores and skin allergic reactions are acting up. Acquiring pet insurance plan early assures you have the finest opportunity of finding coverage for matters like allergy symptoms.

At considerably less than $50 per thirty day period for several programs, the regular value of pet coverage is substantially reduce than even a several vet visits for skin and ear infections. But, sad to say, not all symptoms are so crystal clear-slash.

Evans says, “If you recognize that your pet is sleeping far more than typical, not seeking to go on a walk, or refusing foods, it is probably worth speaking with a veterinarian,” he says.

These symptoms could suggest workable or easily taken care of situations. Sad to say, lots of pet dogs show equivalent signs or symptoms when struggling from a severe illness. Dogs’ instincts generate them to mask signs or symptoms, in no way supplying the pack motive to consider they are unwell. So these seemingly slight indicators can be a big deal.

Preventative care can preserve you out of the vet’s place of work

Holding up with your dog’s plan care by providing them heart-worm medicine and tick and flea prevention can lessen your journeys to the vet. Some of the most intense and high-priced diseases come from preventable problems. Even some thing as schedule as making sure your pet eats a healthy eating plan can go a extensive way.

“The most common cause why a pet is brought in unnecessarily is because of to easily preventable complications, such as fleas,” that can be prevented with typical medication,” Evans suggests.

Your pets’ requires change as they age. For illustration, canine are most susceptible to conditions like parvo when really aged or very young. In addition, at particular ages, pet dogs are a lot more susceptible to some genetic illnesses. A proficient vet can keep an eye on points and make certain you tackle risk components early. For instance, placing your pet on a diet is significantly simpler than paying out for hip dysplasia aggravated by your dog’s fat.

Canines can have telehealth visits way too

As you can see, preserving your canine healthier and content demands a big determination. This doesn’t even account for the inescapable moment when your dog eats your favourite bar of chocolate or devours a sock (I converse from expertise).

“We’ve all experienced all those times of worry – your pet bought into something they shouldn’t have, your veterinarian’s workplace is closed, and you aren’t certain it can be essential to rush them to the emergency room,” Zabell states.

If you’re on the fence about irrespective of whether your pet dog requirements an examination, you can call your vet for their view. Alternatively, you can uncover a vet featuring telehealth visits. Telehealth can health supplement in-person veterinary treatment and is an superb choice for canine like mine who is terrified of the vet.

“Obtaining a regular physical vet clinic is significant for their two times yearly examinations, vaccinations and labs, but also having an on line veterinary treatment choice can be critical to fill in the gaps between all those examinations to give you a needed veterinary useful resource all through the calendar year,” Evans says.

<br />

February 20, 2023

One dog owner’s recommendation for the finest insurance for her four-legged children

Items featured are independently selected by editors. Products purchased through our links may earn us a commission.

To take care of your furry bestie, pet insurance is something to consider. Since rescuing my dachshund, who I named Relish in honor of the hot dog topping, I have been going back and forth on it. Was it worth the cost? Would it cover anything? Dachshunds are especially prone to back problems, which often require surgery, physical therapy, or both, so it’s of extra concern for me.

But when I started my research, I quickly found that not all pet policies are the same — the cost and the coverage all varies. Here are six of the most well-known providers, what they cover, the upsides and the downsides.

Embrace

Embrace has pet insurance plans with various deductibles and annual coverage limits for pet parents to find the best fit for them. In the standard accident and illness plans, physiotherapy, chiropractic and some alternative therapies are included. Plus, exam fees for covered conditions are included and there is a reimbursement for vet-provided behavioral treatments.

For the nervous pet parent (I definitely fall into that category), it also includes access to a 24/7 pet health line. Additionally, for those with more than one pet, there’s a 10{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} discount and also a 5{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} discount for active military members and veterans (excluding New York and Tennessee).

Plans available: Accident and illness, accident-only, wellness.

Deductible options: $100 to $1,000 annually.

Coverage limits: $5,000 to unlimited per year.

Reimbursement options: 70{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}, 80{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} or 90{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.

Pros:

Veterinarian office visits for illness and accidents are covered and only a two day waiting period for accident coverage.
The coverage includes a 24/7 pet telehealth line.
The deductible goes down by $50 each year you don’t file a claim. That means more money in your pocket if your pet stays healthy.

Cons:

There’s a waiting period before a dog’s orthopedic injuries are covered (there are also ways to reduce it with a vet examination).
If you increase your coverage, pre-existing conditions reset.

Pets Best

Pets Best is the best of both worlds in a way. It’s great coverage with a good price. And it is very customizable with so many plans available. There are standard waiting periods: three days for accidents, 14 days for illnesses and six months for cruciate ligament issues (in most states).

Plans available: Accident and illness, accident-only, wellness.

Deductible options: $50 to $1,000 per year.

Pros:

There is an ample range of deductibles options.
You can pay your vet directly if they agree, so you don’t have to wait for reimbursement.
There’s a 5{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} multipet discount.
A 24/7 pet telehealth line is available.
Optional Routine Care coverage available.

Cons:

ASPCA

You probably know the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) for those sad commercials and the animal shelters that it runs. But they also offer pet insurance plans.

This plan is pretty simple: the waiting period is 14 days for all conditions, including accidents, illnesses and cruciate ligament injuries (compared to other plans who have six month waiting periods for some problems).

Plus, the premium rates are some of the most affordable on the market.

Plans available: Accident and illness, accident-only, wellness.

Deductible options: $100, $250 or $500 per year.

Pros:

That shorter waiting period of 14 days compared to some with monthslong waits.
The standard plans cover alternative therapies, behavioral issues and congenital conditions.
It covers stem cell therapy and microchipping.
If you’re a horse owner, you can get coverage in certain states.

Cons:

A claims process can take up to 30 days.
Monthly payments incur a transaction fee.
You must call (rather than getting a quote online) if you’re interested in unlimited annual coverage.

Nationwide

Nationwide doesn’t have the breadth of customizations that some other companies offer but it’s got some interesting options nonetheless. The first, Whole Pet covers a range of accidents and illnesses and reimburses part of your vet bills — up to your annual limit. For the second option, Major Medical offers a less comprehensive option where you pay a set amount for each condition, regardless of the vet charge.

Plans available: Accident and illness, wellness.

Deductible options: $250 per year.

Reimbursement options: For Whole Pet plans, 50{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} or 70{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}. For Major Medical plans, there are set reimbursement caps for each condition.

Pros:

Exotic pets can be coerced under their plan but you have to call to get those options versus adding it online.
Covers holistic and alternative treatments under the plan.

Cons:

Premiums are some of the more expensive when compared to other plans.
Pets must be younger than 10 years old to be covered.
You can’t customize the deductible or coverage limits online, you have to call.
There’s a 12-month waiting period for cruciate ligament injuries (which is longer than many others).

Trupanion

In most states, Trupanion deals with deductibles differently than most other pet insurance providers. Instead of deductibles being charged each year, they charge deductibles per condition.

On the downside, Trupanion doesn’t have a wellness plan offering, and charges pet parents extra for acupuncture, physical therapy and behavioral treatments.

Plans available: Accident and illness.

Deductible options: $0 to $1,000 lifetime deductible per condition. In Florida, plans have no deductibles.

Reimbursement options: 90{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} in most states. In Florida, you can select any percentage between 50{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} and 90{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.

Pros:

There is unlimited coverage for all pets under the plan, including breed-specific conditions and congenital conditions.
Your premium doesn’t automatically rise as your pet gets older.
Short waiting period of five days for injuries.

Cons:

There’s a long waiting period for illnesses
There are extra charges for acupuncture, physical therapy and behavioral treatments.

This story was at first printed February 17, 2023, 12:00 AM.

February 19, 2023

Oregon Business – Homegrown

In 2014 Katie McCarron’s poodle, Rosie, started getting sick. She was 14, and like many aging, ailing pets, Rosie started getting fussy about food, rejecting nearly every food McCarron tried to feed her.

“I thought it was cancer. All the tests came back negative, but I could see her just dribbling off the court,” McCarron tells Oregon Business. “I decided to start cooking, and she started eating.”

After some experimentation, McCarron finally found a recipe Rosie would eat enthusiastically. That recipe eventually became Rosie’s Beef N’ Rice, and McCarron’s cooking project became the Portland Pet Food Company, which officially launched that year. (Rosie lived another two and a half years.)

McCarron, whose official title at the company is Top Dog — her son, then 18, came up with the initial job titles — got into the pet-food industry at just the right time. But it was a passion project, she says, not a calculated business move.

“I didn’t really plan it,” McCarron says. “It wasn’t like, ‘Oh, the pet-food industry is growing, let’s come up with a product.’ I really did it out of love and necessity, for Rosie and her fight. If she did this well on this product, maybe there’s a place for this in the marketplace.”

In February 2022, PPFC moved from its original site — a 3,000-square-foot kitchen and warehouse in the Southeast Industrial District — to a 15,000-square-foot site in in Portland’s Brooklyn neighborhood, but remains committed to Portland even as it becomes a national brand. PPFC products are now available at the Northwest chains New Seasons, Market of Choice and Zupan’s, as well as national retailers like REI and Whole Foods — plus the Northeast grocery chain Wegmans. PPFC products are also available at pet retailers like Mud Bay and Healthy Pets Northwest.

The company also has a multipronged e-commerce strategy, offering single orders and subscriptions through its own website; PPFC products are also available through Amazon, and its dog biscuits can be purchased through the pet-food giant Chewy. The brand has also expanded into the international market.

The product line started with Rosie’s signature dish, then expanded to include a small series of other products, most named after the staff pet who acted as the recipe tester (with the exception of Grandma Ada’s Turkey & Yams, which McCarron named in honor of her mother). The company also makes seven varieties of biscuits; some are gluten-free, some made with spent grain from local breweries and distilleries. In 2022 PPFC launched two lines of cat food, also named for its recipe testers: Luke’s Chicken N’ Pumpkin and Boots’ Salmon N’ Pumpkin.

McCarron grew up in Portland, went to Madison High School (now known as Leodis V. McDaniel High School) and Lewis and Clark, where she majored in psychology. Prior to launching PPFC, McCarron worked at Academic Network — a communication company, now owned by Stericycle — doing clinical trial research recruitment, ran a call center staffed by dietitians and nurses, and did consumer-education programs for food-pharmaceutical companies.

She attempted to retire, but that obviously did not stick.

PPFC now employs 43 people, some of whom have known and worked with McCarron for decades. A standard poodle named Winnie — “named for Winnipeg, not Winnie-the-Pooh, although Winnie-the-Pooh is from Winnipeg” — accompanies her to work (but isn’t permitted in the food-preparation area).

In 2022 the Pet Sustainability Coalition named PPFC a Top 10 Social Steward pet-food brand.

Portland Pet Food Company employees making dog biscuits. Photo by Jason E. Kaplan

The company’s Brew Biscuits are so named because they’re made from spent brewery grain, some of which is sourced from Ruse Brewery, which is situated in the same building as PPFC. When I toured the facility, pallets of Bob’s Red Mill flours lined the factory entrance floor. The company also sources meat and fish locally.

McCarron notes that, unlike many manufacturers and retailers, PPFC has not faced major supply-chain issues, likely due to its commitment to local sourcing.

“Most [pet food] is wheat and cheap grain and very little real protein. It’s nothing like what these guys are doing,” says Jerry Freemont, meat category manager of Pacific Seafood, which supplies pork, chicken and beef for PPFC’s products.

Ashley Lane, senior program manager of accreditation for the Pet Sustainability Coalition, praises PPFC’s commitment to using diverted food-waste products.

“Something that they have focused on, and that I think is kind of core to their mission, is the idea of intervening and diverting that food waste and giving it a home in the pet-food industry,” Lane says. “There is just as much safety protocol around ingredients and processes, but there is a more flexible market for those types of diverted food-waste products. They’re doing a really great job and utilizing grains from breweries and other ingredients that would otherwise have gone to waste or not have been used in a way that was creating value.”

McCarron says very often pet food is not just sourced from unsavory places — “it’s a combination of farm animals, roadkill, you name it” — it’s often cooked at such high temperatures that many of the key nutrients are denatured. Those nutrients have to be added back in to make the meals full and balanced for pets.

Because McCarron insists on keeping the list of ingredients short and doesn’t add supplemental nutrients, the meals have to be marketed as a mixer, topper or supplemental meal, “because we’re not full and balanced.” But, she says, about a third of customers use the foods as a standalone meal. McCarron herself mixes Winnie’s food with kibble except when she’s traveling, in which case the dog gets a full pouch.

“It’s very expensive to make and thus it’s not affordable for everyone,” McCarron says. “However, we do explain to [customers] if they want to use it as a topper, that it will last four to five days. And just by replacing 20{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} of your kibble with an all-natural ingredient, you can improve the health and the coat of your dog.”

An employee packages Brew Biscuits by weight. Photo by Jason E. Kaplan

A 9-ounce pouch of PPFC dog food costs $6.99, and a 2.6-ounce pouch of the company’s cat food costs $3.49 — prices that exceed not just supermarket wet foods, but many brands considered premium as well.

PPFC’s main competitors, McCarron says, are other high-end brands that either do business through e-commerce alone or started as exclusive e-commerce brands: The Farmer’s Dog and Nom Nom are both exclusively available via subscription. Just Food for Dogs, another big player in the super-premium dog-food space, started as an online-only brand but is now available at Petco. The Farmer’s Dog and Nom Nom don’t list their prices for prospective customers who are unwilling to fill out a survey about their dogs’ needs; Just Food for Dogs comes in 18-ounce pouches that cost anywhere from $7 to $10 apiece, depending on the vendor.

According to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, about 23 million American households — one in five homes — adopted a new pet between March 2020 and May 2021. And even before the COVID-19 pandemic drove a boom in pet adoption, household spending on pets has climbed steadily upward in recent years. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, household spending on pets climbed from $460 in 2013 to $770 in 2021 — an average that, The Washington Post noted in a 2022 story, would be higher if the results excluded homes without a pet.

And Americans aren’t alone. A February 2022 report from Global Industry Analysts estimated that the global market for pet care — valued at $193.5 billion in 2022 — would reach $241.1 billion by 2026.

PPFC products are now available in smaller pet specialty stores in Canada, and in 2022 expanded to Japan and South Korea — and just got permission to start shipping to China, where the GIA report says the pet-care market is likely to expand by 7{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} between 2022 and 2026. (Its report also points to Japan and Canada as “notable growth markets” for the pet industry.) In 2022 PPFC won the Oregon Consular Corps’ Emerging Exporter Award.

“They’re just really driven,” says Erick Garman, trade development manager for the Oregon Department of Agriculture. Garman says he first made contact with McCarron at the Oregon State University Food Innovation Center about five years ago, and has since helped find funding to subsidize travel to other countries where PPFC is interested in doing business. “They’re not afraid to look at new opportunities. Some of their efforts have not been 100{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} fruitful, but they’re not afraid to try things and test.”

McCarron tells OB that, while the company’s first retail customer was a Portland-based specialty pet retailer — Healthy Pets Northwest — pet retailers weren’t as excited about the product as she’d hoped they would be. So she started approaching high-end grocers and traveling to grocery trade shows — a strategy Garman praises.

“They’ve really sort of blazed this kind of new trail in specialty stores like your Whole Foods and your New Seasons. They certainly weren’t the first to do it, but as far as Oregon pet-food companies, they’ve done a really good job of maximizing these resources,” Garman says.

Theresa Yoshioka, the ODA’s international trade manager, has worked with PPFC on expanding into Asian markets. She also first met McCarron at the Food Innovation Center, at a new-product showcase.

“I saw her dog treats from the upcycling- ingredients brewery, and I thought, this is really an Oregon company: It’s upcycled, it names the brewery and it’s serving dogs,” Yoshioka says.

“In [Asian] markets, they care about a lot of the same things we care about,” she adds. They like buying products made from quality ingredients, and like Americans, they want to indulge their pets a little bit. “Much like us, pet population and spending on pets increased during COVID. In Japan, even though the population of dogs is set to decline, spending is up.”

“Our goal is to be not only U.S., but global,” McCarron says. “Because I feel as though all pets deserve it.”

As this issue went into production, the company was working to develop another biscuit recipe and to upgrade its mixing and packaging.

An employee packs cartons in the warehouse. Photo by Jason E. Kaplan

She notes that the move was necessary in part because the company needed to expand, and she couldn’t find a large enough space in the Central Eastside, and parking was a problem.

“You know, a lot of people were like, ‘Why don’t you move outside of Portland?’ We were right down on Water [Avenue], and it was not safe at all. I worked a lot of times until 7 or 8, and it was pretty scary going out of there. But I feel like I’m pretty street smart,” McCarron says. “I was like, ‘It’s fine. I’m from Portland. I’m not going to be chased out of Portland, so we stuck it out. I said, No, we’re Portland Pet Food. We’re going to stay in Portland.’

“I loved it over there, despite all the trouble we were having, the break-ins and everything else,” McCarron says of the Central Eastside location. “It’d be a lot less expensive to be outside of Portland. But I grew up here, and hopefully we’re going to bring the city back sooner than later.”

To subscribe to Oregon Business, click here.

February 18, 2023

Best CBD Oil For Dogs In 2023: Top Brands To Buy Online

Dogs and CBD Oil? Why not? The excitement is real, and we are here to clear any doubts you may have.

First of all, we would like to be clear that this article doesn’t intend to encourage people to give CBD oil for dogs but rather present these brands as an alternative for pain relief that won’t leave your pet in the same situation as before the treatment.

As we all know, CBD oil is gaining traction as a powerful helper to our health.

You may have heard stories of CBD oil: how it can help you get rid of stress, how it’s good for pain relief, and whatnot. But when it comes to dogs and pets, we can feel confused about their use.

We tell you everything you need to know in this article. This article summarizes some of the reasons why you should invest in pet CBD oil for your dog.

Top 5 Best CBD Oil for Dogs

Holistapet – Overall Best CBD Oil For Dog; Top Selling
Pet Hemp Company – Recommended Hemp Oil For Dogs
Nuleaf Naturals – Organic CBD Tincture For Pain Relief
CBDistillery – Full Spectrum CBD Oils For Inflammation
Joy Organics – Best CBD Oil Brand For Pets

1. Holistapet – Overall Best CBD Oil For Dog; Top Selling

Holistapet CBD oil is a holistic, natural product that can lower your dog’s stress, improve their mental health, and alleviate pain. Holistapet has combined the powers of CBD oil and other ingredients to create a unique product that will help your dog in many ways.

Holistapet CBD oil for dogs is a hemp-derived product that offers the health benefits of CBD to your pets. This is an effective way of easing joint pain, inflammation, and anxiety in dogs.

Highlights

Brand Reputation

There are many companies that make CBD oil for pets, and it is important to choose a brand that you know has an excellent reputation for making high-quality products.

One of the best brands is Holistapet best CBD oil for dogs, as this brand has been around for years and has a very good reputation for producing quality products.

There are several reasons why it is important to choose a reputable brand, such as Holistapet best CBD oil for dogs.

Holistapet best CBD oil for dogs is made from all-natural hemp plants and contains no psychoactive properties that would make your pets high. CBD oil has also been a valuable ingredient to relieve pain in humans. It manages pain by activating the body’s receptors without causing a psychoactive effect.

This product is available online on HolistaPet’s website. If you’re looking for something special to give your dog or cat this holiday season, then try out Holistapet, the best CBD oil for dogs today!

Product Potency

When looking for CBD oil for dogs, it’s important to consider the potency of the product. This is because there are several different forms of the oil—and, therefore, several different ways to measure potency.

There are CBD oils that are made with hemp seed oil and CBD oils made with CBD isolate. The latter is more concentrated and consists only of CBD.

An important consideration when using this supplement is the potency of the formulation. CBD is one of many compounds that make up cannabis. This compound has been shown to have a wide range of positive effects on humans and animals alike.

The problem is that small amounts of CBD in isolation may not be effective for treating certain conditions like seizures or cancer.

To maximize the effectiveness of treatment, it’s important to use products that contain high levels of CBD combined with other naturally occurring compounds found in cannabis, such as THC and terpenes.

Dosage

Holistapet Best CBD oil for dogs is made from non-GMO hemp seed oil and contains no THC. Or A standard dose of CBD is between 10-20 mg per pound of body weight.

However, each animal reacts differently with different organs and systems, so it is important to do your research and medical consults before administering CBD oil to your pet. In addition, the same dose will not work in every animal, as they all have different weights and tolerance levels.

This dosage should be administered in single doses. It is not safe to administer multiple dosages as this could lead to toxicity in your animal’s system.

Pros

Holistapet provides fast relief to your dog
Keeps your dog permanently healthy
Works for any kind of pain your dog has
It does not contain THC
Have a long shelf life

Cons

=> Click here to visit the official website “Holistapet”

2. Pet Hemp Company – Recommended Hemp Oil For Dogs

Pet Hemp Company is a family-owned business that manufactures and distributes CBD oil for pets. Their all-natural, full-spectrum hemp extracts provide the body’s endocannabinoid system with the building blocks it needs to produce its own cannabinoids.

Pet Hemp is one of the few retailers that offer CBD products specially formulated to support your dog. They offer a variety of all-natural, high-quality CBD oils and treats which are safe and effective for pets. Their hemp oil can help treat your pet’s pain, anxiety, seizures, and more.

Highlights

Brand Reputation

Pet Hemp Co. is one of the most reputable companies in this industry. They have long been known for producing top-quality CBD oil, and they have built a very strong reputation because of this.

They offer great customer service and have earned many customers’ trust over the years.

The Pet Hemp Co.’s complete line of pet supplements is made from non-GMO hemp grown in Kentucky. All products are third-party tested for purity and potency, with every batch produced identified with a batch number and date code on each label.

The majority of Pet Hemp Co.’s products are vegan and gluten-free. Still, customers who need certified organic products can rely on the company’s organic hemp oil, which is produced in Colorado.

Product Potency

If you are looking for high quality, potent CBD products for your dog, Pet Hemp Co. best CBD oil for dogs is what you need. This product contains only pure hemp extract and nothing more. After testing, it was found to be 99{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} pure CBD Isolate, which is the highest grade available.

Because of its potency and purity, Pet Hemp Co.’s best CBD oil for dogs is effective in relieving pain without causing any side effects to your dog’s health and well-being. This product works by interacting with your dog’s Endocannabinoid System (ECS).

It helps by stimulating receptors in the ECS that are responsible for pain relief, appetite stimulation, and the overall well-being of your pet.

Pet Hemp Co.’s best CBD oil for dogs is also only made from plants grown on organic soil and tested for heavy metals, pesticides, and potency levels from seed to shelf. This ensures you get a quality product that relieves your pet’s pain.

Dosage

The dosage of CBD you should give your dog will depend on a few different factors, including the size of your dog, the condition that he is being treated for, and the brand of CBD oil you are using.

You should always follow the recommendations on your specific type of CBD oil or consult with your veterinarian. It is important to be aware that it can take up to two weeks for CBD oil to take effect.

This means that if you want to see results, you need to give it enough time before deciding if it’s working for your dog or not.

When using CBD oil for dogs that suffer from seizures, it’s important that you start at a low dose until you figure out how your dog reacts.

Pros

Helps Trigger happy Gene Reduce Inflammation
Produced by nature, not Chemical
USA Standard Strength 300 MG per bottle
Helps with anxiety and pain relief
Treats pain and inflammation from above mentioned

Cons

=> Click here to visit the official website “Pet Hemp Company”

3. Nuleaf Naturals – Organic CBD Tincture For Pain Relief

Nuleaf Naturals is a company committed to providing quality hemp goods that are made from legal plants. Because they grow it, they know what goes in it.

The rich antioxidants and phytochemicals found within CBD hemp oil promote your dog’s overall health by providing relief from discomfort.

Highlights

Brand Reputation

Nuleaf Naturals is a company that produces CBD oil. Their products are top quality, and they have won many awards, including the 2016 Cannabis Industry Awards for the best CBD oil for pets.

Their high-quality products are due to their commitment to transparency and quality control. The company is a fully transparent operation: all of its lab tests are available online and openly viewable by everyone.

The company maintains its positive reputation by only using pure natural hemp extract, which is widely believed to be the best choice for cannabidiol.

They also take great care in ensuring that each batch of product is thoroughly tested before being sent out to customers who have ordered it from their website or other online shops where it was sold.

Product Potency

One of the most important aspects of any CBD oil for dogs is its potency, which is measured in milligrams (or mg) of CBD per 10 milliliters (ml) of product. The higher the milligram-to-milliliter ratio, the more potent the tincture.

This is especially important because, unlike people, dogs have no way to metabolize CBD—they cannot turn it into energy or use it for cell growth.

Therefore, it’s imperative that a dog gets a precise dose of CBD in order to reap its benefits without side effects.

Product potency is of the utmost importance in any health supplement. A product that doesn’t deliver the results it promises is just a waste of money—especially when what it’s promising is the pain relief and improved well-being that CBD oil for dogs can provide.

Dosage

This is the most important part of any CBD regimen, including Nuleaf Naturals’ best CBD oil for dogs.

If you can’t get this right, it doesn’t matter how pure your CBD is or how safe it is to use—you’re going to wind up at best with a subpar experience and at worst with a CBD-related injury.

It’s vital that you understand exactly how much of your selected product you need to give your pet each day.

In general, for small dogs, start with 0.5 mg/pound, and for larger dogs, start with 1 mg/pound.

You should increase this amount by 0.5 mg/pound every day until you find an amount that works well for your dog (again, these are general guidelines only; if your dog has a severe condition or is on other medications, start at a smaller dosage and work your way up).

Pros

Cons

=> Click here to visit the official website “Nuleaf Naturals”

4. The CBDistillery – Full Spectrum CBD Oils For Inflammation

The CBDistillery is a Colorado-based company that’s passionate about helping pets and their people. They produce CBD oil for both animals and humans, working to help families get the most out of the healing properties of cannabidiol.

Their CBD oil for pets is made from hemp extracts and infused with naturally sourced terpenes. Independent labs test it to ensure purity and potency. Unlike THC, CBD has no psychoactive effects on your pet.

Highlights

Brand Reputation

The CBDistillery has gained attention and popularity over the years as one of the best CBD oil for dog companies in the industry. It carries a wide range of pet-related products in its inventory, including pet supplements that contain cannabidiol hemp oil.

The CBDistillery is one of the few transparent brands about where they source their hemp. Most brands of CBD oil for dogs in Canada will use hemp grown in other countries, where standards of cultivation and processing may not be as strict as those in Canada.

While this is not necessarily a bad thing—Canadian farmers are only just starting to compete with foreign companies in terms of quality—it’s helpful to know whether the hemp used to make your dog’s CBD oil was grown locally or in another country.

The CBDistillery uses hemp grown here in Canada on farms that hold organic certification by OCIA International, which means that their hemp is produced without toxic pesticides or herbicides. The hemp they use also undergoes third-party testing at an ISO 17025 accredited facility in Canada.

Product Potency

The CBDistillery’s High Potency CBD Oil for Pets contains 800mg of cannabidiol per bottle, which is approximately 400mg more than other brands.

This means that each bottle provides more relief for your pet, which will save you money in the long run.

Some pet owners may be wary about giving their dogs CBD oil at first, but once they understand how well it works and how affordable it is, they’re likely to come back to buy another bottle or two.

The CBDistillery uses high-quality hemp grown in Colorado within strict quality control standards.

The hemp used for their CBD oil is completely free from pesticides and herbicides, grown in rich soil, and carefully harvested by skilled workers who ensure that every plant contains minimal THC content (less than .3{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}).

These lab-tested products are safe for your dog with no risk of overdosing on THC or experiencing negative side effects associated with marijuana products for humans.

Dosage

The CBDistillery uses CO2 extraction methods to process its CBD oil, producing high-potency products that are extremely effective for animal use.

You’ll want to begin with a small amount—about four drops—and gradually increase the dosage in order to find the ideal amount for your dog.

Most dogs don’t seem to develop any adverse side effects when given two milligrams of CBD per pound of body weight per day. Still, some animal behaviorists believe that even this small amount may have a sedative effect on canines, so start with a smaller dose if possible.

Pros

Cons

=> Click here to visit the official website “The CBDistillery”

5. Joy Organics – Best CBD Oil Brand For Pets

Joy Organics is a producer of organic hemp oil for dogs. Joy Organics is a family-owned company that believes in the power of CBD to help promote your dog’s health and well-being. Their natural formula uses high-quality hemp grown in the USA, free of pesticides and other contaminants.

Joy Organics is a leading manufacturer of CBD products for dogs but also manufactures supplements for humans. They ensure all of their products are made with 100 percent organic hemp and grown without chemicals or pesticides.

Joy Organics is committed to using the highest quality hemp extract in all of its products and offers a range for our pet friends designed to help with aging and muscle recovery, mood support, and more!

Highlights

Brand Reputation

Joy Organics is the best CBD oil for dogs because it has been thoroughly tested for quality and safety. Their products are all made from hemp, which has the highest concentration of cannabidiol and is naturally rich in terpenes and flavonoids.

This allows the products to be easily absorbed by the body, providing a full-spectrum effect that addresses pain, inflammation, and anxiety.

Brand reputation is the most important consideration when choosing a CBD oil for dogs. Therefore, finding a company with an established reputation for product quality and transparency about its practices is important.

With Joy Organics, you know that you’re getting safe products that are all USDA certified organic, lab tested for purity, potency, and quality assurance by third-party laboratories.

Product Potency

Joy Organics is a revolutionary company that has set out to solve the problem of high-quality cannabidiol oil products in pets. Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the many cannabinoids found in cannabis, and it may have therapeutic effects on a variety of diseases and ailments.

While cannabis itself has been used for medicinal purposes for years, CBD has only recently become recognized for its ability to treat symptoms of epilepsy, cancer, anxiety, and more.

In recent years, Joy Organics has become an industry leader in manufacturing high-quality CBD products for pets.

Their CBD oil is available in many different forms and can be used to treat various conditions, including pain management and joint health issues.

Dosage

Correct dosage is important when using Joy Organics CBD oil for dogs. If you use the right dosage, your dog will always be happy and energetic.

The proper dosage of Joy Organics’ best CBD oil for dogs is important when administering any medication to a pet.

A daily dose of 0.05mgs/lb (0.08mgs/kg) can help to reduce inflammation and pain in your dog’s joints and muscles. In addition to this, the dose should be split into 2-3 smaller doses per day.

This will ensure that your dog receives their daily dose with little disruption of its daily routine.

Pros

Natural
Safe and healthy
Effective
Easy to use
Not addictive
Odorless
Affordable

Cons

=> Click here to visit the official website “Joy Organics”

How We Made This List Of Best CBD Oil For Dogs

To make this list of the best CBD oils for dogs, we started by gathering some online resources about CBD oil for dogs and their ailments and benefits.

This helped us get an idea about what these oils were made of and how they worked so that we could later conduct in-depth research on the best products available right now.

This way, we could easily find the most suitable product for your dog’s needs.

Brand Reputation

When we were looking for the best CBD oil for dogs, we knew that we wanted it to be something with a high concentration of cannabidiol.

We also knew that if we were going to be using this kind of product on pets, it was crucial that we find a company that had a good reputation and could provide the highest quality products.

A good reputation is especially important when it comes to CBD oil: if the company doesn’t have a good reputation, they might be using products that are more likely to cause side effects or even harm your dog.

In order to find the best CBD oil for dogs, we considered the reputation of the company. A company with a strong reputation will be able to offer a better product.

That’s because they have a lot of experience in the business and can offer knowledgeable advice and quality products you can trust.

We looked for companies that had a good reputation for being transparent about their ingredients and processes so that you can feel safe knowing what’s in your dog’s CBD oil.

Product Quality

CBD oil quality can vary greatly by brand, so we decided to list brands based on user reviews and our research.

We wanted to create a list of products that would serve you well and help you to either get started with CBD oil or help you to continue using it if you’ve already begun.

Our criteria for this list were based on effectiveness—we wanted products that could help dogs who were having issues with anxiety or behavior, chronic or joint pain, or inflammation.

Quality means purity. This is especially important when it comes to CBD oils for dogs because they will be used as supplements to help your dog’s body and mind in its various states of health.

Suppose you are using them in place of traditional pharmaceuticals (NSAIDs, steroids, etc.). In that case, you want the cleanest and purest form possible so that you’re not putting anything harmful into your pet’s body.

Hemp Source

When we decided to review CBD oil for dogs, we knew that our list would be incomplete without first discussing the importance of finding a hemp source.

CBD, or cannabidiol, is a non-psychoactive compound found in both marijuana and hemp. It’s just one of over 100 compounds called cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant.

While there have been promises made about the uses of CBD oil for dogs, few studies have been conducted on the subject, and even fewer studies have been conducted with CBD sourced from hemp rather than marijuana.

Information about a CBD oil’s hemp source is one of the most important things to consider when you’re looking for the right CBD oil for your dog.

While there are plenty of high-quality, healthy CBD oils on the market that don’t contain any THC or other intoxicating substances, it’s still up to the consumer to know that they’re getting something that contains good-quality ingredients.

Natural Ingredients

When you’re shopping for CBD oil for dogs, you want the highest quality product that can help your pup in a way that nothing else can.

The best CBD oil will give relief to your dog’s physical and emotional pain while also being safe and natural.

Finding the right oil isn’t just about how it tastes or how it feels going down—you need to know that it has the right ingredients and is made from the best materials.

This is why we decided to make this list of the best CBD oils for dogs. Finding the right ingredients when searching for a product like this is important.

We researched hundreds of products and read dozens of reviews before deciding which ones were worthy of being called “the best.”

Third-Party Laboratory Tested

We consulted third-party laboratory tests and data to ensure that we got the best CBD oil for dogs.

This way, we could use independent sources to tell us about the quality of the product, rather than relying on the manufacturer’s word for it.

We found that this is especially important for CBD oils for pets because there is no regulation in place to ensure that products labeled “CBD oil” are safe and effective when used on animals.

Extract

We first had to consider safety before deciding what CBD oil was best for our list. We chose only CBD oils that were extracted with CO2 or ethanol and included lab reports verifying those extractions.

Both of these processes are safe and effective ways to get CBD out of hemp, although they’re not 100{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} pure—and we wanted only purity in our top picks.

Customer Service

We knew that it was important to find a brand with an established record of good customer service because we wouldn’t be able to try out every single one of these products physically.

We wanted to be sure that if our readers had a problem with their purchase, they could reach out to someone who could help them figure it out.

This is why we asked our respondents which CBD oil for dogs companies had the best customer service.

Buying Guide: What You Need to Know Before Purchasing the Best CBD Oil for Dogs

There are several factors to consider when selecting a CBD oil product for your dog.

Here are the factors you need to look into:

Brand Transparency

When it comes to CBD oil for dogs, there are a lot of brands out there. Some of them have great transparency, and others do not.

It is important to learn how to differentiate between the two in order to find the best CBD oil for dogs.

For example, when you look at this brand https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/best-cbd-oil-for-dogs/Content?oid=23360173, you can see that they state that their products are made from “pure and natural organic hemp oil,” which is 100{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} non-GMO, pesticide-free, and “sustainably grown” in Colorado.

Additionally, the company provides a list of each ingredient used in the product as well as a third-party test report, which shows that the product contains exactly what is stated on the label.

Product Potency

There are several things that you need to consider when buying the best CBD oil for dogs. One of the most important aspects is product potency.

Product potency is directly linked to the amount of cannabidiol contained in a specific product. In most cases, a higher concentration of CBD oil will provide better results. You should also consider the quality of ingredients used in making the product.

Most products contain hemp-derived CBD, and some are made from other parts of the plant, such as stalk or seeds. Other products contain synthetic cannabinoids, which means they were created in a laboratory and may affect your pet differently from natural CBD oil.

It is very important to check the label and look for natural ingredients only.

Product Safety

When looking at CBD oil for dogs, you should consider two essential factors: product safety and effectiveness.

While the effectiveness of the product is much more subjective and depends on what you’re using it for, product safety factors are more concrete and easy to check in before you buy.

When looking for CBD oil for dogs, it is important to keep in mind the safety of your dog and the quality of the product you buy. Consumers want to make sure that their pets are safe and can benefit from CBD oil without any side effects.

Dosage

Dosage is the most important factor to consider when buying CBD oil for dogs. There are three main reasons why this is the case.

The first reason is that CBD oil is often consumed not just by dogs but by their owners as well.

The second reason is that different CBD oils have different strengths, and there may be a difference in the number of milligrams of CBD in each product.

The third reason is that some people use a diffuser to administer their dog’s CBD oil, meaning that more milligrams per dose can be administered than simply administered orally.

If you are using a diffuser, then it is essential that you check the milligram dosage on the bottle before purchasing to determine how much you will need.

While more is not always better, we recommend going with higher dosage for your dog’s CBD oil if possible so that you can get exceptionally good results from using it.

Product Price

When looking for CBD oil for dogs, it’s important to consider the product’s price. You should know that some companies are charging a lot more for their products than they’re worth.

The first thing to consider about CBD oil for dogs is the price, and it’s not just that expensive products aren’t necessarily better.

Price can also tell you about how pure the product is—there are tons of different CBD products out there, made from various sources.

While some companies may argue that a higher quality CBD oil will cost more, it’s more likely that they’re using lesser ingredients (such as hemp seed oil) in order to save costs.

In order to get high-quality CBD oil for your dog, make sure that you only buy high-quality sources of it.

And if you’re looking for the best price on that kind of quality, then make sure you check out some of our coupons!

Shipping And Return Policies

When you’re shopping for CBD oil for dogs online, you’ll need to look at shipping and return policies in addition to reviews.

Dog owners are on the receiving end of a lot of products, so they have good reason to be careful about what they buy.

When you’re outside a store, you can’t smell or feel the product before buying it, so it’s important to know whether a company offers free shipping and if there’s a trial period in case your pet doesn’t like the product.

It’s also important to look at product return policies for CBD oil for dogs because there are some sellers who require you to pay for shipping and handling when you want to send something back, even if it was defective or didn’t work.

Customer Reviews

CBD oil for dogs can be used to help with a variety of different symptoms, including anxiety, pain, inflammation, and seizures.

In order to find the best CBD oil for your dog, it is important to look at customer reviews.

Read through these reviews to determine which brands you want to research further. The best CBD oil for dogs will be made from high-quality ingredients and contain no harmful chemicals.

FAQs About CBD Oil For Dogs

Q – What Effects Does CBD Oil Have On Dogs?

A. The endocannabinoid systems of dogs and humans are comparable. This can help patients manage a wide range of symptoms, including pain, anxiety, and other neurological or physical issues. In less serious cases, CBD oil may benefit dogs with issues like boosting appetite or aiding in sleep.

Most dog owners hardly ever give their dogs CBD to help them relax or deal with high-stress situations, including immediately before bed or when there is a loud noise like thunderstorms or explosions.

People who own animals that suffer from chronic pain or anxiety frequently utilize these medications, especially when an owner leaves for work or when the dog has a history of maltreatment.

If you’re thinking about giving your dog daily CBD treatment, do your study and get some guidance.

Q – What Is The Precise Amount Of CBD That I Should Give To My Dog?

A. You may give your dog CBD oil drops right into its mouth if they taste good to them. If not, you can incorporate it with its snacks or meals.

It is often advised to begin with 1-2 milligrams for every 10 pounds. 50–100 milligrams of CBD may be sufficient for a dog that weighs 50 lbs. The dose of CBD oil often varies depending on the product and other elements, such as the kind of CBD as well as the weight of your dog.

So, to prevent any negative effects, adhere to the brand’s directions and begin with the lowest dosage feasible. Continually check the results on your dog before adjusting the dosage.

Q – Is CBD Safe For My Dog?

A. Using CBD is safe for all animals. Veterinarians regularly recommend CBD oil as an affordable version of over-the-counter medications. The worst that may happen if your pet takes too much CBD is that they pass out, puke up, or even have diarrhea.

When managed properly, however, these situations are rare. Of course, if your dog suffers from a chronic condition, it’s imperative to speak with your vet beforehand.

Q – Does CBD Have Any Negative Side Effects For My Dog?

A. Is dog use of CBD oil safe? Undoubtedly, CBD is comparatively harmless. But on occasion, adverse symptoms, including dry mouth, sleepiness, or low blood pressure, may affect your dog. However, the likelihood of adverse effects is quite low if you utilize the proper dosage.

Q – How Long Do The Benefits Of CBD Oil Last In Dogs?

A. Depending on your dog’s size and age, CBD oil’s effects might last between 4 and 6 hours. Your dog may become ill or vomit if you give it an excessive quantity of CBD oil. Always begin modestly and progress upward.

Conclusion: CBD Oil for Dogs with Arthritis and Other Mobility Issues

With the increase in demand and popularity of CBD, more and more brands have taken to the market. Therefore, it is always important to try out brands and see which ones work best. Most importantly, it is important to do research before deciding on a brand to buy.

Hopefully, this article has met its objective. We have outlined the best CBD oil for dogs and provided a brief overview of each one so that you know what to expect.

As with all supplements, it is important to seek professional advice before starting your dog on any new regimen.

We hope this article helps you with your CBD buying decisions!

February 17, 2023

IDEXX LABORATORIES INC /DE MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (form 10-K)

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of
operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial
statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on
Form 10K. The discussion of our financial condition and results of operations
and liquidity and capital resources for the year ended December 31, 2020, and
year-over-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020, is included in our Annual
Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, within Item 7.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations, and is incorporated by reference herein.

We have included certain terms and abbreviations used throughout this Annual
Report on Form 10-K in the “Glossary of Terms and Selected Abbreviations.”


Description of Business Segments. We operate primarily through three business
segments: diagnostic and information management-based products and services for
the companion animal veterinary industry, which we refer to as the Companion
Animal Group ("CAG"); water quality products ("Water"); and diagnostic products
and services for livestock and poultry health and to ensure the quality and
safety of milk and improve producer efficiency, which we refer to as Livestock,
Poultry and Dairy ("LPD"). Our Other operating segment combines and presents our
human medical diagnostic products and services business ("OPTI Medical") with
our out-licensing arrangements because they do not meet the quantitative or
qualitative thresholds for reportable segments. Refer to "Part II, Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 3. Revenue Recognition and
Note 17. Segment Reporting" to the consolidated financial statements for the
year ended December 31, 2022, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for
financial information about our segments, including our product and service
categories, and our geographic areas.

The following is a discussion of the strategic and operating factors that we
believe have the most significant effect on the performance of our business.

Companion Animal Group


Our strategy is to provide veterinarians with the highest quality diagnostic
information, software products and services, and medical evidence to support
more advanced medical care and information management solutions that help
demonstrate the value of diagnostics to pet owners and enable efficient and
effective practice management. By doing so, we are able to build a mutually
successful relationship with our veterinarian customers based on healthy pets,
loyal customers, staff efficiency, and expanding practice revenues.

CAG Diagnostics. We provide diagnostic capabilities that meet veterinarians'
diverse needs through a variety of modalities including in-clinic diagnostic
solutions and outside reference laboratory services. Veterinarians that utilize
our full line of diagnostic modalities obtain a single view of a patient's
diagnostic results, which allows them to track and evaluate trends and achieve
greater medical insight.

Our diagnostic capabilities generate both recurring and non-recurring revenues.
Revenues related to capital placements of our in-clinic IDEXX VetLab suite of
instruments and our SNAP Pro Analyzer are non-recurring in nature in that they
are sold to a particular customer only once. Revenues from the associated IDEXX
VetLab consumables, SNAP rapid assay test kits, reference laboratory and
consulting services, and extended maintenance agreements and accessories related
to our IDEXX VetLab instruments and our SNAP Pro Analyzer are recurring in
nature, in that they are regularly purchased by our customers, typically as they
perform diagnostic testing as part of ongoing veterinary care services. Our
recurring revenues, most prominently IDEXX VetLab consumables and rapid assay
test kits, have significantly higher gross margins than those provided by our
instrument sales. Therefore, the mix of recurring and non-recurring revenues in
a particular period will impact our gross margins.

Diagnostic Capital Revenue. Revenues related to the placement of the IDEXX
VetLab suite of instruments are non-recurring in nature, in that the customer
will buy an instrument once over its respective product life cycle, but will
purchase consumables for that instrument on a recurring basis as they use that
instrument for testing purposes. During the early stage of an instrument's life
cycle, we derive relatively greater revenues from instrument placements, while
consumable sales become relatively more significant in later stages as the
installed base of instruments increases and instrument placement revenues begin
to decline. In the early stage of an instrument's life cycle, placements are
made primarily through sales transactions. As the demand for the product
matures, an increasing percentage of placements are made in transactions,
sometimes referred to as
                                       34
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

volume commitments, such as our IDEXX 360 program, or reagent rentals, in which
instruments are placed at customer sites at little or no cost in exchange for a
multi-year customer commitment to purchase recurring products and services.

Below is a table showing active installed base units of our premium diagnostic
instruments as of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:


(units in thousands)                                                                        Installed Base
                      Instrument                                December 31, 2022             December 31, 2021          December 31, 2020
Catalyst                                                                        63.1                          56.6               49.7
Premium Hematology                                                              43.1                          38.2               34.6
SediVue                                                                         15.6                          13.2               10.7



Our long-term success in the continuing growth of our CAG recurring diagnostic
product and services is dependent upon: growing volumes at existing customers by
increasing their utilization of existing and new test offerings, acquiring new
customers, maintaining high customer loyalty and retention, and realizing modest
annual price increases based on our differentiated products and the growing
value of our diagnostic offering. We continuously seek opportunities to enhance
the care that veterinary professionals give to their patients and clients
through supporting the implementation of real-time care testing workflows, which
is performing tests and sharing test results with the client at the time of the
patient visit. Our latest generation of chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis
instruments demonstrates this commitment by offering enhanced ease of use,
faster time to results, broader test menu and connectivity to various
information technology platforms that enhance the value of the diagnostic
information generated by the instruments. In addition, we provide marketing
tools and customer support that help drive efficiencies in veterinary practice
processes and allow practices to increase the number of clients they see on a
daily basis.

With all of our instrument product lines, we seek to differentiate our products
from our competitors' products based on time-to-result, ease-of-use, throughput,
breadth of diagnostic menu, flexibility of menu selection, accuracy,
reliability, ability to handle compromised samples, analytical capability of
diagnostics software, integration with the IVLS and VetConnect PLUS, client
communications capabilities, education and training, and superior sales and
customer service. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to differentiate
our products in a way that justifies a premium price.

Recurring Diagnostic Revenue. Revenues from our IDEXX VetLab consumable
products, our SNAP rapid assay test kits, outside reference laboratory and
consulting services, and extended maintenance agreements and accessories related
to our CAG Diagnostics instruments are considered recurring in nature. For the
year ended December 31, 2022, recurring diagnostic revenue, which is both highly
durable and profitable, accounted for approximately 79{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} of our
consolidated revenue.

Our in-clinic diagnostic solutions, consisting of our IDEXX VetLab consumable
products and SNAP rapid assay test kits, provide real-time reference lab quality
diagnostic results for a variety of companion animal diseases and health
conditions. Our outside reference laboratories provide veterinarians with the
benefits of a more comprehensive list of diagnostic tests and access to
consultations with board-certified veterinary specialists and pathologists,
combined with the benefit of same-day or next-day turnaround times.

We derive substantial revenues and margins from the sale of consumables that are
used in IDEXX VetLab instruments, and the multi-year consumable revenue stream
is significantly more valuable than the placement of the instrument. Our
strategy is to increase diagnostic testing within veterinary practices by
placing IDEXX VetLab instruments and increasing instrument utilization of
consumables. Utilization can increase due to a greater number of patient samples
being run or to an increase in the number of tests being run per patient sample.
Our strategy is to increase both drivers. To increase utilization, we seek to
educate veterinarians about best medical practices that emphasize the importance
of chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis testing for a variety of diagnostic
purposes, as well as by introducing new testing capabilities that were
previously not available to veterinarians.

Our in-clinic diagnostic solutions also include SNAP rapid assay tests that
address important medical needs for particular diseases prevalent in the
companion animal population. We seek to differentiate these tests from those of
other in-clinic test providers and reference laboratory diagnostic service
providers based on critically important sensitivity and specificity, as
demonstrated by peer-reviewed third-party research, as well as overall superior
performance and ease of use by providing our customers with combination tests
that test a single sample for up to six diseases at once, including the ability
to utilize our SNAP Pro Analyzer. We further augment our product development and
customer service efforts with sales and
                                       35
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

marketing programs that enhance medical awareness and understanding regarding
certain diseases and the importance of diagnostic testing.


The prevalence of in-clinic testing, as opposed to outside reference
laboratories such as IDEXX Reference Laboratories, may vary by region. We
attempt to differentiate our reference laboratory testing services from those of
competitive reference laboratories and competitive in-clinic offerings primarily
on the basis of a differentiated test menu, technology employed, quality,
turnaround time, customer service and tools such as VetConnect PLUS that
demonstrate the complementary manner in which our laboratory services work with
our in-clinic offerings.

Profitability in our lab business is supported, in part, by our expanding
business scale globally. Profit improvements also reflect benefits from price
increases and our ability to achieve operational efficiencies. When possible, we
utilize core reference laboratories to service samples from other states or
countries, expanding our customer reach without an associated expansion in our
reference laboratory footprint. New laboratories may operate at a loss until
testing volumes achieve sufficient scale. Acquired laboratories frequently
operate less profitably than our existing laboratories and acquired laboratories
may not achieve the profitability of our existing laboratory network for several
years until we complete the implementation of operating improvements and
efficiencies. Therefore, in the short term, new and acquired reference
laboratories generally may have a negative effect on our operating margin.

Recurring reference lab revenue growth is achieved both through increased
testing volumes with existing customers and through the acquisition of new
customers, net of customer losses. We believe the increased number of customer
visits by our sales professionals as a result of the growth in our field sales
organization has led to increased reference laboratory opportunities with
customers who already use one of our in-clinic diagnostic modalities. In recent
years, recurring reference laboratory diagnostic and consulting revenues have
also been increased through reference laboratory acquisitions, customer list
acquisitions, the opening of new reference laboratories, including laboratories
that are co-located with large practice customers, and as a result of our
up-front customer loyalty programs and our volume commitment programs. Our
up-front customer loyalty programs are associated with customer acquisitions and
retention and provide incentives to customers in the form of cash payments or
IDEXX Points upon entering multi-year contractual agreements to purchase annual
minimum amounts of products or services, including reference laboratory
services. Our volume commitment programs, such as IDEXX 360, provide customers
with a free or discounted instrument or system upon entering into multi-year
agreements to purchase annual minimum amounts of products and services.

Veterinary Software, Services and Diagnostic Imaging Systems. Our portfolio of
practice management offerings is designed to serve the full range of customers
primarily within the North American, Australian, New Zealand, and European
regions. Cornerstone, ezyVet, Animana, IDEXX Neo, and DVMAX practice management
systems provide superior integrated information solutions, backed by exceptional
customer support and education. These practice management systems allow the
veterinarian to practice better medicine and achieve the practice's business
objectives, including a quality client experience, staff efficiency and practice
effectiveness and profitability. We market Cornerstone, ezyVet, IDEXX Neo, and
DVMAX practice management systems to customers primarily in North America,
Australia, and New Zealand. We market our Animana offering to customers
primarily throughout Europe.

Animana, ezyVet, and IDEXX Neo practice management systems are
subscription-based SaaS offerings designed to provide flexible pricing and a
durable, recurring revenue stream, while utilizing cloud technology instead of a
client server platform. While we continue to support our licensed-based
Cornerstone and DVMAX software, we are growing our installed base of
subscription-based practice management offerings for new customers of IDEXX
practice management systems. We believe that once established, this
subscription-based model will provide higher profitability as compared to the
historical license-based placements. Our Cornerstone and DVMAX customer base
continues to be an important driver of growth through enhanced diagnostic
integrations and high value add-on subscription services, such as Pet Health
Network Pro, Petly Plans, and credit card processing, and we continue to make
investments to enhance the customer experience of all of our license-based
software offerings. We also offer rVetLink, a comprehensive referral management
solution for specialty care hospitals that streamlines the referral process
between primary care and specialty care veterinarians. rVetLink's cloud
technology integrates with major specialty hospital management systems,
including Cornerstone Software and DVMAX Software.

We differentiate our practice management systems through enhanced functionality,
ease of use, and embedded integration with in-clinic IDEXX VetLab instruments
and outside reference laboratory test results. Our client communication services
create more meaningful pet owner experiences through personalized communication.
With our SmartFlow and Vet Radar cloud technology, we are able to improve
overall patient management through coordination and tracking of every step in a
patient workflow. Pet Health Network Pro online client communication and
education service complements the entire IDEXX
                                       36
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

product offering by educating pet owners and building loyalty through engaging
the pet owner before, during and after the visit, thereby building client
loyalty and driving more patient visits.


Our diagnostic imaging systems offer a convenient radiographic solution that
provides superior image quality and the ability to share images with clients
virtually anywhere. IDEXX imaging software enables enhanced diagnostic features
and streamlined integration with our other products and services. Our digital
radiography systems, enables low-dose radiation image capture without
sacrificing clear, high-quality diagnostic images, reducing the risk posed by
excess radiation exposure for veterinary professionals. Placements of imaging
systems are important to the growth of revenue streams that are recurring in
nature, including extended maintenance agreements and IDEXX Web PACS, which is
our cloud-based SaaS offering for viewing, accessing, storing, and sharing
multi-modality diagnostic images. We derive relatively higher margins from our
subscription-based products. IDEXX Web PACS is integrated with Cornerstone,
ezyVet, IDEXX Neo, DVMAX, and IDEXX VetConnect PLUS to provide centralized
access to diagnostic imaging results alongside patient diagnostic results from
any internet connected device.

Water


Our strategy in the water testing business is to develop, manufacture, market
and sell products that test primarily for the presence of microbial
contamination in water matrices, including drinking water supplies, with
superior performance, supported by exceptional customer service. Our customers
primarily consist of water utilities, government laboratories and private
certified laboratories that highly value strong relationships and customer
support. We expect that future growth in this business will be partially
dependent on our ability to increase international sales. Growth also will be
dependent on our ability to enhance and broaden our product line. Most water
microbiological testing is driven by regulation, and, in many countries, a test
may not be used for compliance testing unless it has been approved by the
applicable regulatory body and integrated into customers' testing protocols. As
a result, we maintain an active regulatory program that involves applying for a
growing number of regulatory approvals in a number of countries, primarily in
Europe. Further, we seek to receive regulatory approvals from governing agencies
as a means to differentiate our products from the competition.

Livestock, Poultry and Dairy


We develop, manufacture, market, and sell a broad range of tests and perform
services for various livestock diseases and conditions, and have active research
and development and in-licensing programs in this area. Our strategy is to offer
differentiated tests with superior performance characteristics for use in
government programs to control or eradicate disease and disease outbreaks and in
livestock and poultry producers' disease, reproductive, and herd health and
production management programs. Our Alertys Ruminant Pregnancy Test, Rapid
Visual Pregnancy Test and Alertys On-Farm Pregnancy Test for cattle can detect
pregnancy 28 days after breeding. These tests provide a quick and accurate
identifier using whole blood samples.

Disease outbreaks are episodic and unpredictable, and certain diseases that are
prevalent at one time may be substantially contained or eradicated at a later
time. In response to outbreaks, testing initiatives may lead to exceptional
demand for certain products in certain periods. Conversely, successful
eradication programs may result in significantly decreased demand for certain
products. In addition, increases in government funding may lead to increased
demand for certain products and budgetary constraints may lead to decreased
demand for certain products. As result, the performance in certain sectors of
this business can fluctuate.

Our strategy in the dairy testing business is to develop, manufacture and sell
antibiotic residue and contaminant testing products that satisfy applicable
regulatory requirements or dairy processor standards for testing of milk and
provide reliable field performance. The manufacture of these testing products
leverages the SNAP platform and production assets that also support our rapid
assay business, which also leverages the SNAP platform. The dairy SNAP products
incorporate customized reagents for antibiotic and contaminant detection.

Other


OPTI Medical. Our strategy in the OPTI Medical business for the human market is
to develop, manufacture, and sell electrolyte and blood gas analyzers, and
related consumable products for the medical point-of-care diagnostics sector
worldwide, with a focus on small to mid-sized hospitals. We seek to
differentiate our products based on ease of use, convenience, international
distribution and service and instrument reliability. Similar to our veterinary
instruments and consumables strategy, a substantial portion of the revenues from
this product line is derived from the sale of consumables for use on the
installed base of electrolyte and blood gas analyzers. During the early stage of
an instrument's life cycle, relatively greater revenues are derived from
instrument placements, while consumable sales become relatively more significant
in later
                                       37
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

stages as the installed base of instruments increases and instrument placement
revenues begin to decline. Our long-term success in this area of our business is
dependent upon new customer acquisition, customer retention and increased
customer utilization of existing and new assays introduced on these instruments.

During 2020, we introduced the OPTI SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test kit for human
COVID-19 testing. A significant portion of the 2021 growth in our OPTI Medical
business was from revenue generated from the test kits and related laboratory
services. The amount of revenue from this product decreased in 2022, with less
demand for testing. We expect revenues from COVID-19 related testing products
and services to be inconsequential in 2023.

Our facility in Roswell, Georgia develops and manufactures the OPTI product
lines using the same or similar technology to support the electrolyte
requirements of certain CAG products. We leverage this facility's know-how,
intellectual property, and manufacturing capability to continue to expand the
menu and instrument capability of the VetStat and Catalyst platforms for
veterinary applications, while reducing our cost of consumables by leveraging
experience and economies of scale.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND ASSUMPTIONS


The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations
is based upon the consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in
accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements
requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of
assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent
assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. We base
our estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that we
believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the
basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities
that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from
these estimates. Refer to "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and
Supplementary Data, Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the
consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K
for a description of the significant accounting policies used in preparation of
these consolidated financial statements.

We believe the following critical accounting estimates and assumptions may have
a material impact on reported financial condition and operating performance and
involve significant levels of judgment to account for highly uncertain matters
or are susceptible to significant change.

Revenue Recognition


Refer to "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 3.
Revenue Recognition" to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended
December 31, 2022, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional
information about our revenue recognition policy and criteria for recognizing
revenue.

We enter into contracts where customers purchase combinations of IDEXX products
and services. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct
performance obligations that should be accounted for separately requires
judgment. We determine the transaction price for a contract based on the total
consideration we expect to receive in exchange for the transferred goods or
services. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration,
such as volume rebates or expected price adjustments, we apply judgment in
constraining the estimated variable consideration due to factors that may cause
reversal of revenue recognized. We evaluate constraints based on our historical
and projected experience with similar customer contracts.

We allocate revenue to each performance obligation in proportion to the relative
standalone selling prices and recognize revenue when control of the related
goods or services is transferred for each obligation. We utilize the observable
standalone selling price when available, which represents the price charged for
the promised product or service when sold separately. When standalone selling
prices for our products or services are not directly observable, we determine
the standalone selling prices using relevant information available and apply
suitable estimation methods including, but not limited to, the cost plus a
margin approach.

Our up-front loyalty programs provide customers with incentives in the form of
cash payments or IDEXX Points upon entering into multi-year agreements to
purchase annual minimum amounts of future products or services. If a customer
breaches their agreement, they are required to refund all or a portion of the
up-front cash or IDEXX Points, or make other repayments, remedial actions, or
both. Up-front incentives to customers in the form of cash or IDEXX Points are
not made in exchange for distinct goods or services and are capitalized as
customer acquisition costs within other current and long-term assets, which are
subsequently recognized as a reduction to revenue over the term of the customer
agreement. If these up-front incentives are
                                       38
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

subsequently utilized to purchase instruments, we allocate total consideration,
including future committed purchases less up-front incentives and estimates of
expected price adjustments, based on relative standalone selling prices to
identified performance obligations and recognize instrument revenue and cost at
the time of installation and customer acceptance. We estimate, based on
historical experience, and apply judgment to predict the amounts of future
customer purchases and expected price adjustments related to these multi-year
agreements. Differences between estimated and actual customer purchases may
impact the timing and amount of revenue recognition during the term of the
customer contract, and a 10{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} change in these estimates would have increased or
reduced deferred revenue and cumulative revenue related to these programs by
approximately $1.1 million at December 31, 2022.

Our volume commitment programs, such as our IDEXX 360 program, provide customers
with free or discounted instruments or systems upon entering into multi-year
agreements to purchase annual minimum amounts of products and services. We
allocate total consideration, including future committed purchases and expected
price adjustments, based on relative standalone selling prices to identified
performance obligations and recognize instrument revenue and cost at the time of
installation and customer acceptance in advance of billing the customer, which
is also when the customer obtains control of the instrument based on legal title
transfer. Our right to future consideration related to instrument revenue is
recorded as a contract asset within other current and long-term assets. The
contract asset is transferred to accounts receivable when customers are billed
for products and services over the term of the contract. We estimate, based on
historical experience, and apply judgment to predict the amounts of future
customer purchases and expected price adjustments related to these multi-year
agreements. Differences between estimated and actual customer purchases may
impact the timing and amount of revenue recognition during the term of the
customer contract, and a 10{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} change in these estimates would have increased or
reduced contract assets and cumulative revenue related to these programs by
approximately $4.3 million at December 31, 2022.

Our instrument rebate programs require an instrument purchase and provide
customers the opportunity to earn future rebates based on the volume of products
and services they purchase over the term of the program. We account for the
customer's right to earn rebates on future purchases as a separate performance
obligation and determine the standalone selling price based on an estimate of
rebates the customer will earn over the term of the program. Total consideration
allocated to identified performance obligations is limited to goods and services
that the customer is presently obligated to purchase and does not include
estimates of future purchases that are optional. We allocate total consideration
to identified performance obligations, including the customer's right to earn
rebates on future purchases, which is deferred and subsequently recognized upon
the purchase of products and services, partly offsetting rebates as they are
earned. We estimate, based on historical experience, and apply judgment to
predict the amounts of future customer rebates related to these multi-year
agreements. Differences between estimated and actual customer rebates may impact
the timing and amount of revenue recognition during the term of the customer
contract, and a 10{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} change in these estimates would have increased or reduced
deferred revenue and cumulative revenue related to these programs by
approximately $2.8 million at December 31, 2022.

Future market conditions and changes in product offerings may cause us to change
marketing strategies to increase or decrease customer incentive offerings,
possibly resulting in incremental reductions of revenue in future periods as
compared to reductions in the current or prior periods. Additionally, certain
customer programs require us to estimate, based on historical experience, and
apply judgment to predict the amounts of future customer purchases, customer
rebates and other incentive payments, and price adjustments related to
multi-year agreements. Differences between estimated and actual customer
purchases may impact the timing and amount of revenue recognition as described
above.

Valuation of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets


A significant portion of the purchase price for acquired businesses is generally
assigned to intangible assets. Intangible assets other than goodwill are
initially valued at fair value. If a quoted price in an active market for the
identical asset is not readily available at the measurement date, the fair value
of the intangible asset is estimated based on discounted cash flows using market
participant assumptions, which are assumptions that are not specific to IDEXX.
The selection of appropriate valuation methodologies and the estimation of
discounted cash flows require significant assumptions about the timing and
amounts of future cash flows, risks, appropriate discount rates, and the useful
lives of intangible assets. When significant, we typically utilize independent
valuation experts to advise and assist us in determining the fair values of the
identified intangible assets acquired in connection with a business acquisition
and in determining appropriate amortization methods and periods for those
intangible assets. Goodwill is initially valued based on the excess of the
purchase price of a business combination over the fair value of acquired net
assets recognized and represents the future economic benefits arising from other
assets acquired that could not be separately identified and recognized.

We assess goodwill for impairment annually, at the reporting unit level, in the
fourth quarter and whenever events or circumstances indicate impairment may
exist. An impairment charge is recorded for the amount, if any, by which the
carrying
                                       39
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. Our reporting units are the
individual product and service categories that comprise our CAG operating
segment, our Water and LPD operating segments and goodwill remaining from the
restructuring of our pharmaceutical business in the fourth quarter of 2008. A
substantial portion of the goodwill remaining from the pharmaceutical business,
included in our "Other Segment," is associated with intellectual property that
has been, or may be, licensed to third parties. Realization of this goodwill is
dependent upon the success of those third parties in developing and
commercializing products, which will result in our receipt of royalties and
other payments.

As part of our goodwill testing process, we evaluate factors specific to a
reporting unit as well as industry and macroeconomic factors that are reasonably
likely to have a material impact on the fair value of a reporting unit. Examples
of the factors considered in assessing the fair value of a reporting unit
include: the results of the most recent impairment test; the competitive
environment; the regulatory environment; the effects natural disasters;
anticipated changes in product, supply chain, or labor costs; revenue and
profitability trends and expectations; the consistency of cash flows; and
current and long-range financial forecasts. The long-range financial forecasts
of the reporting units, which are based upon management's long-term view of our
markets, are used by senior management and the Board of Directors to evaluate
operating performance.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, we performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill
impairment for all of our reporting units, except for Pharmaceutical Activities,
and concluded that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of any of
those reporting units is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. We
maintain approximately $6.5 million of goodwill associated with Pharmaceutical
Activities, which comprises pharmaceutical intellectual property, out-licensing
arrangements, and certain retained drug delivery technologies from which we earn
royalty revenue. For our Pharmaceutical Activities, we performed a quantitative
assessment and concluded that the estimated fair value approximates the carrying
amount of the reporting unit. We estimated the fair value of the Pharmaceutical
Activities using an income approach based on discounted forecasted cash flows,
making assumptions about future cash flows and discount rates. These is no
guarantee that we will be able to maintain revenues from our remaining
Pharmaceutical Activities. No goodwill impairments were identified during the
years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

A prolonged economic downturn in the U.S. or internationally resulting in lower
long-term growth rates and reduced long-term profitability may reduce the fair
value of our reporting units. Industry specific events or circumstances could
have a negative impact on our reporting units and may also reduce the fair value
of our reporting units. Should such events occur, and it becomes more likely
than not that a reporting unit's fair value has fallen below its carrying value,
we will perform an interim goodwill impairment test, in addition to the annual
impairment test. Future impairment tests may result in an impairment of
goodwill. An impairment of goodwill would be reported as a non-cash charge to
earnings.

We also assess the realizability of intangible assets whenever events or changes
in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If an
impairment review is triggered, we evaluate the carrying value of intangible
assets, other than goodwill, based on estimated undiscounted future cash flows
over the remaining useful life of the primary asset of the asset group and
compare that value to the carrying value of the asset group. The asset group is
the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows associated with the
intangible asset are largely independent. The cash flows that are used contain
our best estimates, using appropriate and customary assumptions and projections
at the time. If the net carrying value of the asset group exceeds the related
estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment loss to adjust the
intangible asset to its fair value would be reported as a non-cash charge to
earnings. If necessary, we would calculate the fair value of an intangible asset
using the present value of the estimated future cash flows to be generated by
the intangible asset and apply a risk-adjusted discount rate. We had no
impairments of our intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2022
and 2021. The amount of impairment for the year ended December 31, 2020 was
immaterial.

Income Taxes


The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability
approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes
represent the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between book
and tax treatment of assets and liabilities and carryforwards to the extent they
are realizable.

We assess our current and projected earnings by jurisdiction to determine
whether or not our earnings during the periods when the temporary differences
become deductible will be sufficient to realize the related future tax benefits.
Should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net
deferred tax asset in a particular jurisdiction in the future, an adjustment to
the deferred tax asset would be charged to income in the period such
determination was made.

For those jurisdictions where tax carryforwards are likely to expire unused or
the projected operating results indicate that realization is not more likely
than not, a valuation allowance is recorded to offset the deferred tax asset
within that
                                       40
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

jurisdiction. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider
future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.
In the event that we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax
assets in the future in excess of the net recorded amount, a reduction of the
valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was
made. Likewise, should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or
part of our net deferred tax asset in the future, a reduction to the deferred
tax asset would be charged against income in the period such determination was
made.

Our net taxable temporary differences and tax carryforwards are recorded using
the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the periods in
which the deferred tax liability or asset is expected to be settled or realized.
Should the expected applicable tax rates change in the future, an adjustment to
our deferred taxes would be credited or charged, as appropriate, to income in
the period such determination was made.

We periodically assess our exposures related to our worldwide provision for
income taxes and believe that we have appropriately accrued taxes for
contingencies. Any reduction of these contingent liabilities or additional
assessment would increase or decrease income, respectively, in the period such
determination was made.


We record a liability for uncertain tax positions that do not meet the more
likely than not standard as prescribed by the authoritative guidance for income
tax accounting. We record tax benefits for only those positions that we believe
will more likely than not be sustained. For positions that we believe that it is
more likely than not that we will prevail, we record a benefit considering the
amounts and probabilities that could be realized upon ultimate settlement. If
our judgment as to the likely resolution of the uncertainty changes, if the
uncertainty is ultimately settled or if the statute of limitation related to the
uncertainty expires, the effects of the change would be recognized in the period
in which the change, resolution or expiration occurs. Our net liability for
uncertain tax positions was $25.8 million as of December 31, 2022, and $25.5
million as of December 31, 2021, which includes estimated interest expense and
penalties. Refer to "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary
Data, Note 14. Income Taxes" in the accompanying Notes to consolidated financial
statements for more information.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Refer to “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 2.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (v) and (w)” to the consolidated
financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in this
Annual Report on Form 10-K for a complete discussion of recent accounting
pronouncements adopted and not adopted.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND TRENDS

Effects of Certain Factors on Results of Operations


CAG Trends. Global trends in companion animal healthcare, including growth in
demand for clinical services, continue to support solid growth for companion
animal diagnostic products and services across regions. In the U.S., average
diagnostics revenue per practice grew 6.9{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} on a same-store basis during 2022,
faster than 5.1{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} growth in overall clinic revenues. U.S. same-store clinical
visits at veterinary practices declined 2.3{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} in 2022, reflecting impacts this
year from reductions in veterinary clinic capacity levels and comparison to high
prior-year visit levels. Growth for pet healthcare including diagnostics remains
elevated compared to pre-pandemic levels reflecting compound annual growth of
2.9{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} in clinical visits and 11.2{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} in same-store diagnostics revenues for the
U.S. compared to 2019.

Supply Chain and Logistics Challenges. We believe that building and maintaining
a well-managed and disciplined infrastructure have helped minimize impacts of
the current supply chain constraints, including product and component
availability issues, logistics challenges, including extended shipping periods
and delays, and inflationary pressures that are currently occurring worldwide.
Our proactive approach to managing our operational processes, including forward
planning with a focus on working closely with our suppliers and logistics
partners, has enabled us to maintain continued high levels of product and
service availability and customer service. We continue to monitor these supply
chain and logistics challenges, including potential fuel rationing and
shortages, and have implemented mitigation strategies to adjust for, among other
things, delayed shipments of products and components. Although we expect these
challenges to continue during 2023, we believe we are well-positioned to enable
sustained high growth in our businesses going forward and to effectively manage
the impacts of potentially relatively higher costs in certain areas to support
these growth plans. However, there can be no assurance as to the duration or
severity of the supply chain and logistics challenges or the effectiveness of
our mitigating activities.

                                       41
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

War in Ukraine / Russia Operations. Our operations in the Russia, Belarus, and
Ukraine region are limited, with no manufacturing or significant supply
arrangements. After significantly scaling back our operations in Russia in the
first quarter of 2022, including suspending sales of veterinary diagnostic
equipment; promotional, marketing, and hiring activities; and new business
development and related investments, we decided in June 2022 to wind down and
liquidate our sole Russian subsidiary, as well as our direct Russian operations,
which consisted of marketing and selling diagnostic products for veterinary
clinics in Russia. We anticipate that only a limited number of our products,
which are important for human or animal healthcare, will continue to be sold in
Russia pursuant to ongoing third-party distribution agreements. Some of our
products are also sold in Belarus pursuant to ongoing third-party distribution
agreements. Historical revenues from the Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine region
have been less than 1{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} of our total consolidated revenue.

Distributor Purchasing and Inventories. When selling our products through
distributors, changes in distributors' inventory levels can impact our reported
sales, and these changes may be affected by many factors, which may not be
directly related to underlying demand for our products by veterinary practices,
which are the end users. If during the current year, distributors' inventories
grew by less than those inventories grew in the comparable period of the prior
year, then changes in distributors' inventories would have an unfavorable impact
on our reported sales growth in the current period. Conversely, if during the
current year, distributors' inventories grew by more than those inventories grew
in the comparable period of the prior year, then changes in distributors'
inventories would have a favorable impact on our reported sales growth in the
current period.

In certain countries, we sell our products through third-party distributors and
may be unable to obtain data for sales to end users. We do not believe the
impact of changes in these distributors’ inventories had or would have a
material impact on our growth rates. Refer to “Part I, Item 1. Business,
Marketing and Distribution” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for
additional information regarding distribution channels.

Currency Impact. For the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 21{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} of our
consolidated revenue was derived from products manufactured or sourced in U.S.
dollars and sold internationally in local currencies, as compared to 23{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} for the
year ended December 31, 2021 and 21{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Strengthening of the rate of exchange for the U.S. dollar relative to other
currencies has a negative impact on our revenues derived in currencies other
than the U.S. dollar and on profits of products manufactured or purchased in
U.S. dollars and sold internationally, and a weakening of the U.S. dollar has
the opposite effect. Similarly, to the extent that the U.S. dollar is stronger
in current or future periods relative to the exchange rates in effect in the
corresponding prior periods, our growth rate will be negatively affected. The
impact of foreign currency denominated operating expenses and foreign currency
denominated supply contracts partly offsets this exposure. Additionally, our
designated hedges of intercompany inventory purchases and sales help delay the
impact of certain exchange rate fluctuations on non-U.S. denominated revenues.
Refer to "Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About
Market Risk" included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional
information regarding currency impact. Our future income tax expense could also
be affected by changes in the mix of earnings, including as a result of changes
in the rate of exchange for the U.S. dollar relative to currencies in countries
with differing statutory tax rates. Refer to "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors"
included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding
tax impacts.

Effects of Economic Conditions. Demand for our products and services is
vulnerable to changes in the economic environment, including slow economic
growth, high unemployment, and credit availability. Negative or cautious
consumer sentiment can lead to reduced or delayed consumer spending, resulting
in a decreased number of patient visits to veterinary clinics. Unfavorable
economic conditions can impact sales of instruments, diagnostic imaging, and
practice management systems, which are larger capital purchases for
veterinarians. Additionally, economic turmoil, fears of a global economic
downturn or recession, and inflationary pressure can cause our customers to
remain sensitive to the pricing of our products and services. In the U.S., we
monitor patient visits and clinic revenue data provided by a subset of our CAG
customers. Although this data is a limited sample and susceptible to short-term
impacts such as weather, which may affect the number of patient visits in a
given period, we believe that this data provides a fair and meaningful long-term
representation of the trend in patient visit activity in the U.S., providing us
insight regarding demand for our products and services.

Economic conditions can also affect the purchasing decisions of our Water and
LPD business customers. Water testing volumes may be susceptible to declines in
discretionary testing for existing home and commercial sales and in mandated
testing as a result of decreases in home and commercial construction. Testing
volumes may also be impacted by severe weather conditions such as drought. In
addition, fiscal difficulties can also reduce government funding for water and
herd health screening services.

We believe that the diversity of our products and services and the geographic
diversity of our customers partially mitigate the potential effects of the
economic environment and negative consumer sentiment on our revenue growth
rates.

                                       42
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Effects of Patent Expiration. Although we have several patents and licenses of
patents and technologies from third parties that expired during 2022, and
several that are expected to expire in 2023 and beyond, the expiration of these
patents or licenses, individually or in the aggregate, is not expected to have a
material effect on our financial position or future operations due to a range of
factors as described in "Part I, Item 1. Business, Patents and Licenses."

Non-GAAP Financial Measures. The following revenue analysis and discussion
focuses on organic revenue growth, and references in this analysis and
discussion to "revenue," "revenues" or "revenue growth" are references to
"organic revenue growth." Organic revenue growth is a non-GAAP financial measure
and represents the percentage change in revenue during the current year, as
compared to the same period for the prior year, net of the effect of changes in
foreign currency exchange rates, certain business acquisitions, and
divestitures. Organic revenue growth should be considered in addition to, and
not as a replacement for, or as a superior measure to, revenues reported in
accordance with U.S. GAAP, and may not be comparable to similarly titled
measures reported by other companies. Management believes that reporting organic
revenue growth provides useful information to investors by facilitating easier
comparisons of our revenue performance with prior and future periods and to the
performance of our peers.

We exclude from organic revenue growth the effect of changes in foreign currency
exchange rates because changes in foreign currency exchange rates are not
under management's control, are subject to volatility and can obscure underlying
business trends. We calculate the impact on revenue resulting from changes in
foreign currency exchange rates by applying the difference between the weighted
average exchange rates during the current year period and the comparable prior
year period to foreign currency denominated revenues for the prior year period.

We also exclude from organic revenue growth the effect of certain business
acquisitions and divestitures because the nature, size and number of these
transactions can vary dramatically from period to period, and because they
either require or generate cash as an inherent consequence of the transaction,
and therefore can also obscure underlying business and operating trends. We
consider acquisitions to be a business when all three elements of inputs,
processes and outputs are present, consistent with ASU 2017-01, "Business
Combinations: (Topic 805) Clarifying the Definition of a Business." In a
business combination, if substantially all the fair value of the assets acquired
is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable
assets, we do not consider these assets to be a business. A typical acquisition
that we do not consider a business is a customer list asset acquisition, which
does not have all elements necessary to operate a business, such as employees or
infrastructure. We believe the efforts required to convert and retain these
acquired customers are similar in nature to our existing customer base and
therefore are included in organic revenue growth.

We also use Adjusted EBITDA, gross debt, net debt, gross debt to Adjusted EBITDA
ratio and net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio, all of which are non-GAAP financial
measures that should be considered in addition to, and not as a replacement for,
financial measures presented according to U.S. GAAP. Management believes that
reporting these non-GAAP financial measures provides supplemental analysis to
help investors further evaluate our business performance and available borrowing
capacity under our Credit Facility.

Comparisons to Prior Periods. Our fiscal years end on December 31. Unless
otherwise stated, the analysis and discussion of our financial condition,
results of operations and liquidity, including references to growth and organic
growth and increases and decreases, are being compared to the equivalent prior
year period.



                                       43

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022, Compared to Twelve Months Ended December
31, 2021


Total Company

The following table presents revenue by operating segment by U.S. and non-U.S.,
or international geographies:

                                          For the Years Ended December 31,
Net Revenue                                                                                                   Reported Revenue       Percentage Change         Percentage Change         Organic Revenue
(dollars in thousands)                        2022                    2021              Dollar Change            Growth (1)            from Currency           from Acquisitions            Growth (1)

CAG                                   $       3,058,793          $ 2,889,960          $      168,833                   5.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (3.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                     0.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                8.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
United States                                 2,073,222            1,881,887                 191,335                  10.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                     -                         0.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                9.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
International                                   985,571            1,008,073                 (22,502)                 (2.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                 (9.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                     0.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                6.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}

Water                                 $         155,720          $   146,505          $        9,215                   6.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (4.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                     0.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                9.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
United States                                    76,875               70,654                   6,221                   8.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                     -                           -                   8.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
International                                    78,845               75,851                   2,994                   3.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (7.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                     1.1  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}               10.6  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}

LPD                                   $         122,607          $   135,887          $      (13,280)                 (9.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                 (5.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                       -                  (4.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})
United States                                    16,633               15,626                   1,007                   6.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                     -                           -                   6.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
International                                   105,974              120,261                 (14,287)                (11.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                 (6.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                       -                  (5.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})

Other                                 $          30,204          $    43,008          $      (12,804)                (29.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                  0.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                        -                 (30.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})

Total Company                         $       3,367,324          $ 3,215,360          $      151,964                   4.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (3.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                     0.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                7.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
United States                                 2,182,959            1,995,683                 187,276                   9.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                     -                         0.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                8.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
International                                 1,184,365            1,219,677                 (35,312)                 (2.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                 (8.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                     0.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                5.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}

(1)Reported revenue growth and organic revenue growth may not recalculate due to
rounding.


Total Company Revenue. The increase in organic revenue reflects higher realized
prices and continued demand for companion animal diagnostics globally, supported
by higher CAG Diagnostics recurring revenue, primarily in the U.S. Increases in
our subscription-based veterinary software and diagnostic imaging services also
contributed to higher revenue for the year. The higher revenue in our Water
business was primarily due to the benefit of price increases and higher testing
volumes. The decline in our LPD business was primarily due to lower demand in
the first half of the year for swine testing in China, compared to high prior
year levels. The decrease in Other revenue reflects lower sales of OPTI COVID-19
PCR testing products. The impact of currency movements decreased total revenue
growth by 3.4{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}, while the impact of acquisitions increased total revenue growth
by 0.7{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.
                                       44
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The following table presents our total Company results of operations:

                                                                   For the Years Ended December 31,                                               Change
Total Company - Results of
Operations                                                            Percent of                                Percent of
(dollars in thousands)                           2022                  Revenue                2021               Revenue              Amount             Percentage

Revenues                                  $      3,367,324                               $ 3,215,360                               $ 151,964                     4.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Cost of revenue                                  1,362,986                                 1,325,928                                  37,058                     2.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Gross profit                                     2,004,338                 59.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}         1,889,432                 58.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}         114,906                     6.1  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}

Operating Expenses:
Sales and marketing                                524,505                 15.6  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           486,735                 15.1  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          37,770                     7.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
General and administrative                         326,248                  9.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           309,660                  9.6  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          16,588                     5.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Research and development                           254,820                  7.6  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           161,009                  5.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          93,811                    58.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Total operating expenses                         1,105,573                 32.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           957,404                 29.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}         148,169                    15.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Income from operations                    $        898,765                 26.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}       $   932,028                 29.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}       $ (33,263)                   (3.6) {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}



Gross Profit. Gross profit increased due to higher sales volumes and
a 70 basis point increase in the gross profit margin. The impact from foreign
currency movements increased the gross profit margin by approximately 50 basis
points, primarily from the impact of hedge gains in the current year as compared
to hedge losses in the prior year. Excluding the impact of foreign currency
movements, the increase in the gross margin was primarily due to net price
gains, improved software services gross margins, and the benefit of our
reference laboratory productivity initiatives. These increases were partially
offset by higher freight and distribution costs; higher service costs, including
increases in labor and facility costs; and higher product costs.

Operating Expenses. Sales and marketing expense increased primarily due to
higher personnel-related and travel costs, including investments in our global
commercial capability. General and administrative expense increased primarily
due to higher personnel-related costs, increase in allowances for doubtful
accounts receivable, and increases in amortization and depreciation expense
related to business acquisitions and capital investments. General and
administrative expense increases were partially offset by a comparative decrease
due to acquisition-related costs incurred in the prior year. Research and
development expense increased primarily due to discrete investments for the
acquisition of rights to use certain licensed technology under intellectual
property licensing arrangements, project costs, and higher personnel-related
costs. The overall change in foreign currency exchange rates resulted in a
decrease in operating expenses growth by approximately 2{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.
                                       45
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Companion Animal Group


The following table presents revenue by product and service category for CAG:

                                 For the Years Ended December 31,
Net Revenue                                                                                          Reported Revenue       Percentage Change         Percentage Change         Organic Revenue
(dollars in thousands)               2022                    2021              Dollar Change            Growth (1)            from Currency           from Acquisitions           Growth (1)

CAG Diagnostics
recurring revenue:           $       2,660,280          $ 2,534,562          $      125,718                   5.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (3.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                     0.1  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                8.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
IDEXX VetLab
consumables                          1,057,236            1,006,781                  50,455                   5.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (4.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                       -                   9.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Rapid assay products                   313,667              296,852                  16,815                   5.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (1.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                       -                   7.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Reference laboratory
diagnostic and
consulting services                  1,178,113            1,123,656                  54,457                   4.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (2.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                     0.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                7.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
CAG Diagnostics
services and
accessories                            111,264              107,273                   3,991                   3.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (4.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                       -                   8.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
CAG Diagnostics
capital - instruments                  147,326              149,140                  (1,814)                 (1.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                 (4.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                       -                   3.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Veterinary software,
services and
diagnostic imaging
systems                                251,187              206,258                  44,929                  21.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (1.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                     7.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}               14.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Net CAG revenue              $       3,058,793          $ 2,889,960          $      168,833                   5.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                  (3.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})                     0.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}                8.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}

(1)Reported revenue growth and organic revenue growth may not recalculate due to
rounding.


CAG Diagnostics Recurring Revenue. The increase in CAG Diagnostics recurring
revenue was primarily due to higher realized prices and increased volumes in
IDEXX VetLab consumables, reference laboratory diagnostic services, and, to a
lesser extent, rapid assay products. The impact of foreign currency movements
decreased CAG Diagnostics recurring revenue growth by 3.4{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.

The increase in IDEXX VetLab consumables revenue was primarily due to higher
price realization and higher sales volumes, primarily of our Catalyst
consumables and, to a lesser extent, ProCyte consumables. These volume increases
were supported by the expansion of our installed base of instruments, our
expanded menu of available tests in certain regions, and high customer retention
levels. The impact of currency movements decreased revenue growth by 4.3{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.

The increase in rapid assay revenue resulted primarily from higher price
realization and higher clinic testing levels, primarily from SNAP 4Dx Plus. The
impact of currency movements decreased revenue growth by 1.7{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.


The increase in reference laboratory diagnostic and consulting services revenue
was primarily due to higher testing volumes and price realization in our U.S.
labs. Growth in other regions was primarily due to higher price realization,
partially offset by moderately lower international volumes compared to strong
prior period demand levels. Acquisitions increased revenue growth by 0.3{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}. The
impact of currency movements decreased revenue growth by 2.9{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.

CAG Diagnostics services and accessories revenue growth was primarily a result
of the increase in our active installed base of instruments.


CAG Diagnostics Capital - Instrument Revenue. The impact of currency movements
decreased revenue growth by 4.7{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}. Excluding the impact of currency, the growth
in instrument revenue was primarily due to higher premium instrument placements,
primarily of the ProCyte One analyzer, to support increased diagnostic testing.

Veterinary Software, Services, and Diagnostic Imaging Systems Revenue. The
acquired business increased revenue growth by 7.9{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}. Excluding the impact of the
acquisition, the increase in veterinary software and services revenue was
primarily due to higher realized prices on service offerings and higher
subscription-based service revenue supported by the expansion in our active
installed base. The increase in our diagnostic imaging systems revenue was
primarily due to increases in our active installed base resulting in higher
service revenue, as well as higher instrument and equipment placements and
higher realized prices.

                                       46
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The following table presents the CAG segment results of operations:


                                                                           For the Years Ended December 31,                                               Change
Results of Operations                                                         Percent of                                Percent of
(dollars in thousands)                                   2022                  Revenue                2021               Revenue              Amount             Percentage

Revenues                                          $      3,058,793                               $ 2,889,960                               $ 168,833                     5.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Cost of revenue                                          1,252,216                                 1,206,156                                  46,060                     3.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Gross profit                                             1,806,577                 59.1  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}         1,683,804                 58.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}         122,773                     7.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}

Operating Expenses:
Sales and marketing                                        480,655                 15.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           444,694                 15.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          35,961                     8.1  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
General and administrative                                 288,746                  9.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           274,470                  9.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          14,276                     5.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Research and development                                   236,227                  7.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           140,618                  4.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          95,609                    68.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Total operating expenses                                 1,005,628                 32.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           859,782                 29.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}         145,846                    17.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Income from operations                            $        800,949                 26.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}       $   824,022                 28.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}       $ (23,073)                   (2.8) {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}



Gross Profit. Gross profit increased primarily due to higher sales volumes, as
well as an 80 basis point increase in the gross profit margin. The increase in
the gross profit margin was primarily due to recurring revenue net price gains,
improved software services gross margins, and the benefit of our reference
laboratory productivity initiatives. These increases were partially offset by
higher freight and distribution costs, higher product costs, and higher service
costs, including increases in labor and facility costs. The impact from foreign
currency movements increased the gross profit margin by approximately 30 basis
points, primarily from the impact of hedge gains in the current year as compared
to hedge losses in the prior year.

Operating Expenses. Sales and marketing expense increased primarily due to
higher personnel-related and travel costs, including investments in our global
commercial capability. General and administrative expense increased primarily
due to higher personnel-related costs, increases in amortization and
depreciation expense related to business acquisitions and capital investments,
and an increase in allowances for doubtful accounts receivable. General and
administrative expense increases were partially offset by a comparative decrease
due to acquisition-related costs incurred in the prior year. Research and
development expense increased primarily due to discrete investments for the
acquisition of rights to use certain licensed technology under intellectual
property licensing arrangements, project costs, and higher personnel-related
costs. The overall change in foreign currency exchange rates resulted in a
decrease in operating expenses growth by approximately 2{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.
                                       47
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Water

The following table presents the Water segment results of operations:


                                                                         For the Years Ended December 31,                                             Change
Results of Operations                                                        Percent of                              Percent of
(dollars in thousands)                                   2022                 Revenue               2021              Revenue             Amount            Percentage

Revenues                                          $       155,720                               $ 146,505                               $ 9,215                     6.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Cost of revenue                                            45,861                                  45,561                                   300                     0.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Gross profit                                              109,859                 70.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}         100,944                 68.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}         8,915                     8.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}

Operating Expenses:
Sales and marketing                                        18,564                 11.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          17,814                 12.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           750                     4.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
General and administrative                                 14,353                  9.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          13,442                  9.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           911                     6.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Research and development                                    4,423                  2.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           4,244                  2.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           179                     4.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Total operating expenses                                   37,340                 24.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          35,500                 24.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}         1,840                     5.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Income from operations                            $        72,519                 46.6  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}       $  65,444                 44.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}       $ 7,075                    10.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}

Revenue. The increase in our Water business was due to higher realized prices
and testing volumes, primarily in our Colilert test products and related
accessories used in coliform and E. coli testing. The impact of currency
movements decreased revenue growth by 4.0{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}. The impact of an acquisition
completed during the third quarter of 2022 increased revenue growth by 0.5{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.


Gross Profit. Gross profit for Water increased due to higher sales volumes and a
160 basis point increase in the gross profit margin, which reflected a 210 basis
point increase due to foreign currency movements, primarily from the impact of
hedge gains in the current year compared to hedge losses in the prior year.
Decreases in the gross profit margin were primarily due to higher product costs
and higher distribution and freight costs, partially offset by higher realized
prices.

Operating Expenses. Sales and marketing expense increased primarily due to
higher personnel-related and travel costs. General and administrative expense
increased primarily due to higher third-party service costs, including
acquisition-related costs, personnel-related costs, and allowances for doubtful
accounts receivable. Research and development expense increased primarily due to
higher personnel-related costs. The overall change in foreign currency exchange
rates resulted in a decrease in operating expenses growth by approximately 2{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.

                                       48
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Livestock, Poultry and Dairy

The following table presents the LPD segment results of operations:


                                                                         For the Years Ended December 31,                                              Change
Results of Operations                                                        Percent of                              Percent of
(dollars in thousands)                                   2022                 Revenue               2021              Revenue              Amount             Percentage

Revenues                                          $       122,607                               $ 135,887                               $ (13,280)                  (9.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})
Cost of revenue                                            49,606                                  54,323                                  (4,717)                  (8.7  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})
Gross profit                                               73,001                 59.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          81,564                 60.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          (8,563)                 (10.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})

Operating Expenses:
Sales and marketing                                        23,491                 19.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          21,681                 16.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           1,810                    8.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
General and administrative                                 17,119                 14.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          17,606                 13.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}            (487)                  (2.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})
Research and development                                   12,582                 10.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          13,641                 10.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          (1,059)                  (7.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})
Total operating expenses                                   53,192                 43.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          52,928                 39.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}             264                    0.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Income from operations                            $        19,809                 16.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}       $  28,636                 21.1  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}       $  (8,827)                 (30.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})




Revenue. The unfavorable impact of foreign currency movements decreased revenue
growth by 5.8{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}. Excluding the impact of foreign currency, the decline in revenue
was primarily due to lower demand for diagnostic testing in China. Beginning
during the second quarter of 2021 and continuing through the first half of 2022,
we experienced lower livestock testing volumes in China, as changes in disease
management approaches, low pork prices, and changes in government requirements
related to the live animal imports and livestock infectious disease programs
impacted testing volumes, in comparison to high prior-year demand for African
Swine Fever testing. These declines were moderated during the second half of
2022, with modest volume increases in our swine testing market in China compared
to low prior year levels. The decrease in revenue was partially offset by higher
herd health screening in other Asia Pacific markets and higher price gains.

Gross Profit. The decrease in LPD gross profit was primarily due to lower sales
volumes and a 50 basis point decrease in the gross profit margin. The decrease
in the gross profit margin is primarily due to higher freight and distribution
costs, investments in our bovine laboratory services, the unfavorable overall
mix impacts largely from lower African Swine Fever testing, and higher product
costs. The decrease in the gross profit margin was partially offset by the
impact from foreign currency movements, which increased the gross profit margin
by approximately 360 basis points, primarily from the impact of hedge gains in
the current year compared to hedge losses in the prior year.

Operating Expenses. Sales and marketing expense increased primarily due to
increases in personnel-related and travel costs. General and administrative
decreased primarily due to lower personnel-related costs. Research and
development expenses decreased primarily due to lower personnel-related costs.
The overall change in foreign currency exchange rates resulted in a decrease in
operating expenses growth by approximately 4{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.
                                       49
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Other

The following table presents the Other results of operations:


                                                                      For the Years Ended December 31,                                          Change
Results of Operations                                                  Percent of                             Percent of
(dollars in thousands)                                2022              Revenue              2021              Revenue              Amount             Percentage

Revenues                                          $  30,204                               $ 43,008                               $ (12,804)                 (29.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})
Cost of revenue                                      15,303                                 19,888                                  (4,585)                 (23.1  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})
Gross profit                                         14,901                 49.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}         23,120                 53.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          (8,219)                 (35.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})

Operating Expenses:
Sales and marketing                                   1,795                  5.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          2,546                  5.9  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}            (751)                 (29.5  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})
General and administrative                            6,030                 20.0  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          4,142                  9.6  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}           1,888                   45.6  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Research and development                              1,588                  5.3  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          2,506                  5.8  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}            (918)                 (36.6  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})
Total operating expenses                              9,413                 31.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}          9,194                 21.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}             219                    2.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}
Income from operations                            $   5,488                 18.2  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}       $ 13,926                 32.4  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}       $  (8,438)                 (60.6  {35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc})



Revenue. The decrease in Other revenue was primarily due to lower sales of OPTI
COVID-19 PCR testing products and services in the U.S. and, to a lesser extent,
lower OPTI Medical consumables revenue internationally. The impact of currency
movements increased revenues by 0.2{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}.

Gross Profit. Gross profit decreased due to lower sales volume and a 450 basis
point decrease in the gross profit margin. The decrease in the gross profit
margin was primarily due to unfavorable product mix with lower OPTI Medical
consumables and higher freight, distribution, and product costs, partially
offset by lower service costs associated with lower disease testing services.
The overall change in foreign currency exchange rates had an immaterial impact
on gross profit.

Operating Expenses. Sales and marketing expense decreased primarily due to lower
personnel-related costs. General and administrative expense increased primarily
due to higher foreign exchange losses on settlements of foreign currency
denominated transactions, as compared to the prior year, as well as higher
allowances for doubtful accounts receivable. Foreign exchange losses on
settlements for all operating segments are reported within our Other segment.
Research and development expense decreased primarily due to lower project costs
compared to investments in the development of infectious disease tests during
the prior year.

Non-Operating Items

Interest Expense. Interest expense was $39.9 million for the year ended December
31, 2022, as compared to $29.8 million for the prior year. The increase in
interest expense was primarily the result of higher average debt levels.


Our effective income tax rate was 21.0{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} for the year ended December 31, 2022,
and 17.5{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in our effective
tax rate was primarily driven by decreases in tax benefits related to
share-based compensation and higher taxes on international income. Our projected
effective tax rate for 2023 is approximately 22{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}. This projected 1{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} increase in
the effective tax rate, over the full year 2022 effective tax rate, is primarily
due to lower estimated tax benefits from share-based compensation.


                                       50
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES


We fund the capital needs of our business through cash on hand, funds generated
from operations, proceeds from long-term senior note financings, and amounts
available under our Credit Facility. We generate cash primarily through the
payments made by customers for our companion animal veterinary, livestock,
poultry, dairy, and water products and services, consulting services, and other
various systems and services. Our cash disbursements are primarily related to
compensation and benefits for our employees, inventory and supplies, taxes,
research and development, capital expenditures, rents, occupancy-related
charges, interest expense, and business acquisitions. At December 31, 2022, we
had $112.5 million of cash and cash equivalents, as compared to $144.5 million
on December 31, 2021. Working capital, including our Credit Facility, totaled
negative $134.3 million at December 31, 2022, as compared to $192.1 million at
December 31, 2021. Additionally, at December 31, 2022, we had a remaining
borrowing availability of $669.5 million under our $1.25 billion Credit Facility
with $579.0 million outstanding borrowing under the Credit Facility. The general
availability of funds under our Credit Facility is reduced by $1.5 million for
outstanding letters of credit. We believe that, if necessary, we could obtain
additional borrowings to fund our growth objectives. We further believe that
current cash and cash equivalents, funds generated from operations, and
committed borrowing availability will be sufficient to fund our operations,
capital purchase requirements, and anticipated growth needs for the next twelve
months. We believe that these resources, coupled with our ability, as needed, to
obtain additional financing, will also be sufficient to fund our business as
currently conducted for the foreseeable future. We may enter into new financing
arrangements or refinance or retire existing debt in the future depending on
market conditions. Should we require more capital in the U.S. than is generated
by our operations, for example to fund significant discretionary activities, we
could elect to raise capital in the U.S. through the incurrence of debt or
equity issuances, which we may not be able to complete on favorable terms or at
all. In addition, these alternatives could result in increased interest expense
or other dilution of our earnings.

We manage our worldwide cash requirements considering available funds among all
of our subsidiaries. Our foreign cash and cash equivalents are generally
available without restrictions to fund ordinary business operations outside the
U.S.

The following table presents cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities
held domestically, and by our foreign subsidiaries:


                                                                    For the Years Ended December 31,
Cash and cash equivalents
(in thousands)                                                          2022                2021

U.S.                                                               $    16,112          $    2,632
Foreign                                                                 96,434             141,822
Total                                                              $   112,546          $  144,454

Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities held
in U.S. dollars by our foreign subsidiaries

6,647 $ 6,245




As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, more than 99{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} of the cash and cash equivalents
held was as bank deposits. Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2022,
included approximately USD $2.9 million of cash held in countries with currency
control restrictions, which limit our ability to transfer funds outside of the
country in which they are held. The currency control restricted cash is
generally available for use within the country where it is held.

The following table presents additional key information concerning working
capital:

                                                                                              For the Three Months Ended
                                                     December 31,             September 30,             June 30,              March 31,             December 31,
                                                         2022                     2022                    2022                  2022                    2021

Days sales outstanding (1)                                43.4                     43.4                    43.2                  42.0                     42.4
Inventory turns (2)                                        1.3                      1.3                     1.5                   1.6                      2.0


(1)   Days sales outstanding represents the average of the accounts receivable
balances at the beginning and end of each quarter divided by revenue for that
quarter, the result of which is then multiplied by 91.25 days.
(2)   Inventory turns represent inventory-related cost of product revenue for
the 12 months preceding each quarter-end divided by the average inventory
balances at the beginning and end of each quarter.

                                       51
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The decrease in inventory turns over the current year was a result of larger
inventory on-hand, as we have increased inventory to support demand and product
availability, as well as new product launches.

Sources and Uses of Cash

The following table presents cash provided (used):


(in thousands)

For the Years Ended December 31,

                                                                  2022                 2021              Dollar Change

Net cash provided by operating activities                   $   542,984            $  755,546          $     (212,562)
Net cash used by investing activities                          (195,350)             (292,967)                 97,617
Net cash used by financing activities                          (370,936)             (697,414)                326,478
Net effect of changes in exchange rates on cash                  (8,606)               (4,639)                 (3,967)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents                     $   (31,908)

$ (239,474) $ 207,566




Operating Activities. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities of
$212.6 million during 2022 as compared to 2021, was primarily due to the lower
net income and changes in other assets and liabilities. During 2022, we entered
into two discrete arrangements to license intellectual property for which we
paid $65 million which was charged to research and development expense. We also
had an increase in taxes paid during 2022, primarily due to changes imposed by
the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including the relevant provision that requires
U.S. research and development expenditures incurred after January 1, 2022, to be
capitalized and amortized over a five-year period.

The following table presents cash flows (used) provided from changes in
operating assets and liabilities:


(in thousands)

For the Years Ended December 31,

                                                                 2022                 2021              Dollar Change

Accounts receivable                                         $    (41,398)         $  (33,141)         $       (8,257)
Inventories                                                     (121,731)            (52,919)                (68,812)
Accounts payable                                                   3,467              11,233                  (7,766)
Deferred revenue                                                 (11,019)             (7,551)                 (3,468)
Other assets and liabilities                                    (102,849)            (55,145)                (47,704)
Total change in cash due to changes in operating
assets and liabilities                                      $   (273,530)         $ (137,523)         $     (136,007)



Cash used due to changes in operating assets and liabilities during the year
ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the same period in the prior year,
increased approximately $136.0 million. Cash used for inventory in the current
period, as compared to the prior period, was higher primarily due to planned
inventory growth to support demand and product availability. The increase of
cash used for other assets and liabilities was primarily due to lower non-cash
operating expenses recorded as accrued liabilities, primarily for
personnel-related costs, as compared to the same period in the prior year,
partially offset by accrued research and development investments in the current
year.

We have historically experienced proportionally lower net cash flows from
operating activities during the first quarter and proportionally higher cash
flows from operating activities for the remainder of the year and for the annual
period driven primarily by payments related to annual employee incentive
programs in the first quarter following the year for which the bonuses were
earned.

Investing Activities. Cash used by investing activities was $195.4 million
during 2022 as compared to $293.0 million used during 2021. The decrease in cash
used by investing activities during 2022 as compared to 2021 was primarily due
to the acquisition of ezyVet during the second quarter of 2021, partially offset
by an acquisition of an intangible asset during the first quarter of 2022, an
equity investment during the second quarter of 2022, and the acquisition of a
water testing business in the third quarter of 2022, as well as the increase in
purchases of property and equipment related to our new warehouse and
manufacturing site expansion.

Our total capital expenditure plan for 2023 is estimated to be approximately
$180.0 million, which includes capital investments in manufacturing and
operations facilities to support growth, as well as investments in
customer-facing software.

                                       52
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Financing Activities. Cash used by financing activities was $370.9 million
during 2022, as compared to $697.4 million used during 2021. The decrease in
cash used by financing activities was due to a $432.0 million increase in
borrowings under our Credit Facility, partially offset by $72.9 million in
additional repurchases of our common stock in the current period as compared to
the same period in the prior year. Cash was also used to pay off our $75 million
2022 Series A Notes when due and payable on February 14, 2022.

Cash used to repurchase shares of our common stock increased by $72.9 million
during 2022, as compared to 2021. We believe that the repurchase of our common
stock is a favorable means of returning value to our stockholders and we also
repurchase our stock to offset the dilutive effect of our share-based
compensation programs. Repurchases of our common stock may vary depending upon
the level of other investing activities and the share price. We primarily fund
our share repurchases with cash generated from operations, as well as from
various capital market activities, including the committed available financing
through our Credit Facility. Refer to "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and
Supplementary Data, Note 20. Repurchases of Common Stock" to the consolidated
financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional
information about our share repurchases.

Under the $1.25 billion Credit Facility, the $1.0 billion unsecured credit line
matures on December 9, 2026 and requires no scheduled prepayments before that
date. On October 20, 2022, pursuant to the terms of the Credit Facility, the
term lenders thereunder provided us, as borrower, an incremental term loan in an
aggregate principal amount of $250 million (the "Term Loan"). The Term Loan
matures on October 20, 2025. The net proceeds of the Term Loan were used to
repay previously incurred revolver borrowings under the Credit Facility. The
Term Loan is subject to the same affirmative and negative covenants and events
of default as the borrowings previously incurred pursuant to the Credit
Facility. The applicable interest rate for the Term Loan is consistent with our
line of credit, and is calculated at a per annum rate equal to either (at our
option) (1) a prime rate plus a margin ranging from 0.0{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} to 0.375{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} based on our
consolidated leverage ratio, (2) an adjusted term SOFR rate, plus 0.10{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}, plus a
margin ranging from 0.875{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} to 1.375{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} based on our consolidated leverage ratio,
or (3) an adjusted daily simple SOFR rate, plus 0.10{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}, plus a margin ranging
from 0.875{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} to 1.375{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} based on our consolidated leverage ratio. Refer to "Part
II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 13, Debt" for
additional information about our applicable interest rates on our Credit
Facility. Under the Credit Facility, we also pay quarterly commitment fees
ranging from 0.075{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc} to 0.25{35112b74ca1a6bc4decb6697edde3f9edcc1b44915f2ccb9995df8df6b4364bc}, based on our leverage ratio, on any unused
commitment.

Under the Credit Facility, the net repayment and borrowing activity resulted in
increased cash used of $432.0 million during 2022, as compared to 2021. At
December 31, 2022, we had $329.0 million outstanding on our line of credit and a
$250.0 million Term Loan, for a total of $579 million outstanding under the
Credit Facility. At December 31, 2021, we had $73.5 million in outstanding under
the Credit Facility. The general availability of funds under the Credit Facility
was further reduced by $1.5 million for letters of credit that were issued
primarily in connection with our workers' compensation policy at December 31,
2022 and $1.4 million at December 31, 2021. The Credit Facility contains
affirmative, negative, and financial covenants customary for financings of this
type. The negative covenants include restrictions on liens, indebtedness of
subsidiaries of the Company, fundamental changes, investments, transactions with
affiliates, and certain restrictive agreements and violations of laws and
regulations. The financial covenant is a consolidated leverage ratio test that
requires our ratio of debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation,
amortization, and share-based compensation not to exceed 3.5-to-1. At December
31, 2022, we were in compliance with the covenants of the Credit Facility. The
obligations under the Credit Facility may be accelerated upon the occurrence of
an event of default under the Credit Facility, which includes customary events
of default including payment defaults, defaults in the performance of the
affirmative, negative and financial covenants, the inaccuracy of representations
or warranties, bankruptcy and insolvency related defaults, defaults relating to
judgments, certain events related to employee pension benefit plans under the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, ("ERISA"), the failure to pay
specified indebtedness, cross-acceleration to specified indebtedness and a
change of control default.

In February 2022, we paid off our $75 million 2022 Series A Notes with cash
provided by operations and financing activity. On July 21, 2021, we repaid our
$50 million 2021 Series A Notes in full with cash provided by operations. The
aggregate principal amounts of our 2023 Series A Notes for $75 million will
become due and payable on December 11, 2023. We anticipate paying off our 2023
Series A Notes when due with cash provided by borrowings under our Credit
Facility and cash provided by operations. Should we elect to prepay any of our
senior notes, such aggregate prepayment will include the applicable make-whole
amount(s), as defined within the applicable Senior Note Agreements.
Additionally, in the event of a change in control of the Company or upon the
disposition of certain assets of the Company, the proceeds of which are not
reinvested (as defined in the Senior Note Agreements), we may be required to
prepay all or a portion of the senior notes.

The obligations under the senior notes may be accelerated upon the occurrence of
an event of default under the applicable Senior Note Agreements, each of which
includes customary events of default including payment defaults, defaults in the
performance of the affirmative, negative and financial covenants, the inaccuracy
of representations or warranties,
                                       53
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

bankruptcy and insolvency-related defaults, defaults relating to judgments,
certain events related to employee pension benefit plans under ERISA, the
failure to pay specified indebtedness, and cross-acceleration to specified
indebtedness.


Refer to "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 13,
Debt" for additional information about our Credit Facility, Senior Notes, and
Senior Note Agreements.

Effect of currency translation on cash. The net effect of changes in foreign
currency exchange rates are related to changes in exchange rates between the
U.S. dollar and the functional currencies of our foreign subsidiaries. These
changes will fluctuate each year as the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the
value of the foreign currencies change. The value of a currency depends on many
factors, including interest rates, and the issuing governments' debt levels and
strength of economy.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. We have no off-balance sheet arrangements or
variable interest entities except for letters of credit and third-party
guarantees, as reflected in "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and
Supplementary Data, Note 13 Debt" and "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and
Supplementary Data. Note 16. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees" to the
consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, included
in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, respectively.

Financial Covenant. The financial covenant is a consolidated leverage ratio test
that requires our ratio of debt to earnings before interest, taxes,
depreciation, amortization, and share-based compensation, as defined in the
Senior Note Agreements and Credit Facility, not to exceed 3.5-to-1. At December
31, 2022, we were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Note
Agreements. The following details our consolidated leverage ratio calculation:

(in thousands)                                              Twelve months

ended

Trailing 12 Months Adjusted EBITDA:                           December 31,

2022


Net income attributable to stockholders                  $            679,089
Interest expense                                                       39,858
Provision for income taxes                                            180,883
Depreciation and amortization                                         111,900
Acquisition-related expense                                               873
Share-based compensation expense

49,770

Extraordinary and other non-recurring non-cash charges                      -
Adjusted EBITDA                                          $          1,062,373


(dollars in thousands)                                      Twelve months ended
Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio:                                December 31,

2022


Line of credit                                           $

579,000

Current and long-term portion of long-term debt

769,369

Total debt

1,348,369

Acquisition-related consideration payable                               3,453
Financing leases                                                            5
Deferred financing costs                                                  407
Gross debt                                               $          1,352,234
Gross debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio                                      1.27

Cash and cash equivalents                                $           (112,546)
Net debt                                                 $          1,239,688
Net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio                                        1.17





                                       54

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees


For more information regarding our commitments, contingencies and guarantees,
refer to "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 16.
Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees."

For more information on our future lease payments, refer to "Part II, Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 8. Leases" for our minimum
lease payment schedule. The expected timing of payments of our leases may be
different in future years, depending on decisions to extend lease terms and/or
enter into additional leases in the preceding years.

As of December 31, 2022, current liabilities include $579.0 million outstanding
borrowing on our Credit Facility and the current portion of long-term debt of
$75.0 million recorded as current liabilities. Refer to "Part II, Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 13. Debt for more information
about our Credit Facility and for more information on our repayment of our
Senior Notes.

We also have purchase obligations that include agreements and purchase orders to
purchase goods or services that are contractually enforceable and that specify
all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities, pricing, and
approximate timing of purchases. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately
$232.4 million in purchase obligations due in 2023. Our purchase obligations
beyond 2023 are approximately $50.4 million. These purchase obligation amounts
do not include amounts recorded in accounts payable as of December 31, 2022. The
expected timing of payments of our purchase obligations is estimated based on
current information. Timing of payments and actual amounts paid may be
different, depending on the time of receipt of goods or services, or changes to
agreed-upon amounts for some obligations.

Additionally, we have agreements with third parties that we have entered into in
the ordinary course of business under which we are obligated to indemnify such
third parties for and against various risks and losses. The precise terms of
such indemnities vary with the nature of the agreement. In many cases, we limit
the maximum amount of our indemnification obligations, but in some cases those
obligations may be theoretically unlimited. We have not incurred material
expenses in discharging any of these indemnification obligations and, based on
our analysis of the nature of the risks involved, we believe that the fair value
of these agreements is minimal. Accordingly, we did not record any liabilities
for these obligations at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and do not anticipate any
future payments for these guarantees.

As of December 31, 2022, our remaining obligation associated with the
deemed repatriation tax resulting from the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 is $27.0
million. Our prior overpayments continued to satisfy our installment obligations
through 2022. In 2023, our installment obligation will exceed our remaining
overpayment and we will be required to remit the balance due on the installment.
Our final installment will be paid in 2025. For information on our unrecognized
tax benefits, refer to "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary
Data, Note 14. Income Taxes."

During the first quarter of 2023, we paid the $15.0 million milestone payment
associated with an arrangement to license intellectual property, which was
expensed in 2022.

——————————————————————————–

February 16, 2023

Healthy Paws Pet Company Inc. launches Pawmier Functional Dog Treats

Picture courtesy of Healthier Paws Pet Business, Inc.

Top quality dog deal with maker launches a selection of balanced treats centered on presenting natural ingredients and practical gains.

HUNTINGTON Beach, CA, Usa, February 15, 2023 /EINPresswire.com/ — Huntington Seaside, CA – Healthful Paws Pet Business, Inc., a pet health and fitness & wellness firm, is energized to announce the start of Pawmier purposeful dog treats, a line of smooth baked cookies built from organic and natural elements to assist Skin & Coat, Hip & Joint, and Immunity.

“Having used about 20 a long time in the food business and currently being a pet mom of two, I saw an option to convey wellbeing and wellness to our pets,” says Balanced Paws Pet Company’s CEO and Founder, Alissa Crockett. “Like people, our pets’ overall health commences with what we feed them. My fur infants had minor pores and skin and joint problems and though there were some functional and “natural” food items readily available, practically nothing was created from organic elements. Our Pawmier treats are natural and organic, functional, lower calorie and they are sized to be digestible for any size puppy at any age. This is the initial of several healthful meals and wellness alternatives we’ll be bringing to the broader pet community around the future calendar year.”

Healthful Paws Pet Company, Inc. made grain no cost, delicate baked, useful, lower-calorie cookies to assistance the well being of puppies. Every recipe is produced from organic and natural ingredients, such as superfoods this sort of as organic and natural sweet potato, natural and organic pumpkin, natural and organic carrots, and organic flaxseed. They are grain free of charge, meat totally free, pea no cost and can be damaged into bite dimensions parts for lesser or more mature canines to effortlessly chew.

The Pawmier launch involves a selection of functions which includes Pores and skin & Coat Assist, Hip & Joint Support, and Immunity Assistance. Pawmier treats are freshly baked right listed here in the United States and are supplied at an economical value issue.

Nutritious Paws Pet Firm, Inc. is a woman owned company based mostly in Southern California established by Alissa Crockett in 2020. Pawmier dog treats can be located in regional grocery chains and nationally on the net at Amazon. Go to www.pawmier.com to learn far more.
&#13

Alissa Crockett
Healthier Paws Pet Business
+1 5612810451
alissa@healthypawspet.com
Stop by us on social media:
Fb
LinkedIn
Instagram

You just read:

EIN Presswire’s priority is supply transparency. We do not make it possible for opaque shoppers, and our editors try out to be very careful about weeding out wrong and deceptive information.
As a consumer, if you see a thing we have skipped, please do provide it to our focus. Your support is welcome. EIN Presswire, Everyone’s Internet Information Presswire™,
attempts to determine some of the boundaries that are sensible in present-day environment. Be sure to see our
Editorial Recommendations
for more information and facts.

Submit your press release